Sale reports / Arkansas / I-40 Livestock Auction / 2022-04-28

I-40 Livestock Auction

Name: I-40 Livestock Auction livestock auction prices — 2022-04-28
Creator: RaisedBeef
Published: 2022-04-28

Feeder Cattle · Slaughter Cattle · Replacement Cattle · Ozark, Arkansas · Thu, Apr 28

● Final109 lots reportedUSDA AMS · slug 2053

← Apr 21Apr 28May 5 →

Feeder Cattle receipts

525 head

▲ 264 vs last sale 261▲ 188 vs year ago 337 · +55.8%

Slaughter Cattle receipts

75 head

▲ 32 vs last sale 43▲ 23 vs year ago 52 · +44.2%

Replacement Cattle receipts

57 head

▲ 41 vs last sale 16▼ 11 vs year ago 68 · −16.2%

Also sold hereFeeder Cattle Pot Load SaleTue Sep 15, 2026

View

Reporter comment USDA

As filed

Compared to last week: Feeder steers under 500 lbs sold 3.00-10.00 lower, over 500 lbs sold 5.00 higher. Feeder heifers under 400 lbs sold 3.00 higher, 400-600 lb weights sold 6.00-7.00 lower, over 600 lbs sold 2.00 higher. Slaughter cows sold 3.00 lower, Slaughter bulls sold 2.00 lower.

Weight class — the figures below change to match

Weight classPick one — the panels below update

Heifers · summary 0–100 lb

Weighted average of every reported lot

0–100 lb heifers averaged $149.84/cwt on 202 head.

Average price

$149.84

202 head · 502 lb average

Value per head Derived

$752

Price × average weight ÷ 100

Grade differential Derived

$281

per head · Medium and Large 1 over Medium and Large 3

$51.91/cwt at this weight

vs the market

−1.39

vs AR average

Price by quality 0–100 lb

Frame and muscle grade

Frame / muscle	Avg wt	$/cwt	$/head	Head
Medium and Large 1	513	158.56	813	130
Medium and Large 2	474	145.40	689	51
Medium and Large 3	499	106.65	532	21

One grade step is worth $51.91/cwt here — about $281 a head. Across this sale the premium is widest at 0–100 lb. USDA reports each grade on its own line and never publishes the spread.

How it compared 0–100 lb

Same class and week · spot auction only

This sale202 hd

149.84

—

AR average8 barns · 1,432 hd

151.22

−1.39

A barn can sit above the state average at one weight and below it at another — check the class you actually sell.

Slaughter cattle

By class and quality grade · $/cwt

Cull cows and bulls are graded, not weight-classed — grade is what moves the money here.

Class	Grade	Dressing	Avg wt	$/cwt	$/head	Head
Bulls	—	Average	1,611	102.07	1,644	17
Cows	Breaker 75-80%	High	1,343	80.04	1,075	11
Cows	Lean 85-90%	High	1,006	72.41	729	5thin
Cows	Boner 80-85%	Low	1,051	68.55	721	29

Every lot

109 lots · USDA AMS · I-40 Livestock - Ozark, AR

Nothing removed and nothing rounded — the same lots as the USDA report, with per-head values added. Grouped by class and set lightest first; USDA files them in sale-ring order.

Class	Weight	Grade / description	Avg wt	Price	Range	Per head	Head
Feeder Cattle · Steers29 lots · lightest first
Steers	—	Medium and Large 3	315	115.00/cwt	115.00–115.00	362	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2	319	175.42/cwt	171.00–180.00	560	4
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	320	196.99/cwt	190.00–205.00	630	14
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1Thin Fleshed	365	210.00/cwt	210.00–210.00	767	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	375	197.29/cwt	185.00–207.50	740	25
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2	375	165.00/cwt	160.00–170.00	619	2
Steers	—	Medium and Large 3	403	139.40/cwt	117.50–145.00	562	5
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	422	189.59/cwt	180.00–204.00	800	22
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2	428	172.45/cwt	169.00–177.50	738	6
Steers	—	Medium and Large 3	458	141.74/cwt	141.00–142.50	649	2
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2	474	167.25/cwt	155.00–173.00	793	10
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2Thin Fleshed	475	177.50/cwt	177.50–177.50	843	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	476	184.67/cwt	174.00–196.00	879	31
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1Fleshy	480	150.00/cwt	150.00–150.00	720	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	517	179.69/cwt	173.00–185.00	929	14
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2	528	155.91/cwt	152.50–162.50	823	3
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	564	182.98/cwt	175.00–187.00	1,032	4
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2	565	146.99/cwt	143.00–153.00	830	3
Steers	—	Medium and Large 3	565	91.23/cwt	90.00–92.50	515	2
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1Fleshy	580	161.00/cwt	161.00–161.00	934	1
Steers	—	Small and Medium 3	580	45.00/cwt	45.00–45.00	261	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1Fleshy	600	160.00/cwt	160.00–160.00	960	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	628	169.66/cwt	164.00–173.00	1,065	9
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	678	163.74/cwt	160.00–167.50	1,110	2
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	788	148.99/cwt	148.00–150.00	1,174	2
Steers	—	Medium and Large 3	820	69.00/cwt	69.00–69.00	566	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	875	136.98/cwt	136.00–138.00	1,199	2
Steers	—	Medium and Large 3	895	84.00/cwt	84.00–84.00	752	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1Value Added	910	135.00/cwt	135.00–135.00	1,229	1
Feeder Cattle · Heifers30 lots · lightest first
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	316	145.59/cwt	132.50–152.50	460	7
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	330	177.50/cwt	177.50–177.50	586	3
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 3	340	125.00/cwt	125.00–125.00	425	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	372	151.66/cwt	140.00–160.00	564	5
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 3	380	117.71/cwt	103.00–130.00	447	5
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	381	177.70/cwt	167.50–185.00	677	18
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 3	405	101.42/cwt	90.00–117.50	411	3
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	427	152.64/cwt	139.00–157.50	652	11
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	433	165.90/cwt	155.00–180.00	718	24
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	473	161.60/cwt	157.00–167.50	764	8
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	477	148.50/cwt	137.00–158.00	708	9
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2Thin Fleshed	485	162.50/cwt	162.50–162.50	788	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 3	486	107.62/cwt	80.00–132.50	523	4
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	524	151.94/cwt	143.00–163.00	796	32
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	530	136.82/cwt	128.00–140.00	725	6
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 3	545	120.00/cwt	120.00–120.00	654	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	571	136.59/cwt	133.00–139.00	780	5
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	572	150.68/cwt	142.50–160.00	862	19
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 3	580	106.44/cwt	100.00–120.00	617	3
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 3	600	80.00/cwt	80.00–80.00	480	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	615	137.66/cwt	135.00–140.00	847	3
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	622	155.11/cwt	145.00–158.00	965	15
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	668	145.79/cwt	140.00–152.00	974	5
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	682	138.02/cwt	135.00–140.00	941	3
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 3	695	105.00/cwt	105.00–105.00	730	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 3	700	71.00/cwt	71.00–71.00	497	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	710	129.00/cwt	129.00–129.00	916	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	715	138.88/cwt	132.50–141.00	993	5
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	755	132.00/cwt	132.00–132.00	997	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 3	790	96.00/cwt	96.00–96.00	758	1
Feeder Cattle · Bulls13 lots · lightest first
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1Thin Fleshed	513	184.76/cwt	182.50–187.00	948	2
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	520	137.00/cwt	137.00–137.00	712	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	529	165.78/cwt	152.00–177.50	877	13
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 3	575	110.00/cwt	110.00–110.00	633	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	576	161.93/cwt	151.00–175.00	933	14
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	619	157.29/cwt	147.00–168.00	974	11
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	679	149.48/cwt	144.00–156.00	1,015	4
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	727	139.93/cwt	136.00–144.00	1,017	3
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	780	107.00/cwt	107.00–107.00	835	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	825	122.00/cwt	122.00–122.00	1,007	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 3	830	77.50/cwt	77.50–77.50	643	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	880	115.03/cwt	112.00–118.00	1,012	2
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	1,038	105.00/cwt	105.00–105.00	1,090	2
Slaughter Cattle · Bulls3 lots · lightest first
Bulls	—	—	1,496	93.01/cwt	81.00–101.00	1,391	6
Bulls	—	—	1,633	105.08/cwt	102.00–109.00	1,716	9
Bulls	—	—	1,853	115.74/cwt	115.00–116.50	2,145	2
Slaughter Cattle · Cows11 lots · lightest first
Cows	—	Lean 85-90%Light Weight	745	70.00/cwt	70.00–70.00	522	1
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%Light Weight	765	43.68/cwt	38.00–49.00	334	2
Cows	—	Lean 85-90%Light Weight	770	51.00/cwt	51.00–51.00	393	1
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%Light Weight	815	54.00/cwt	54.00–54.00	440	1
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%	971	55.48/cwt	53.00–62.00	539	6
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%	983	69.53/cwt	69.00–70.00	683	4
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%	1,136	74.84/cwt	73.00–77.00	850	9
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%	1,165	80.31/cwt	79.00–83.00	936	7
Cows	—	Lean 85-90%	1,172	80.35/cwt	80.00–81.00	942	3
Cows	—	Breaker 75-80%	1,328	81.05/cwt	79.00–83.00	1,076	8
Cows	—	Breaker 75-80%	1,382	77.33/cwt	77.00–78.00	1,069	3
Replacement Cattle · Bulls1 lot · lightest first
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,780	115.00/cwt	115.00–115.00	2,047	1
Replacement Cattle · Stock Cows2 lots · lightest first
Stock Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	750	92.44/cwt	87.00–95.00	693	4
Stock Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,055	79.50/cwt	79.50–79.50	839	1
Replacement Cattle · Heifer Pairs2 lots · lightest first
Heifer Pairs	—	Medium and Large 1-2	845	1,000.00/cwt	1,000.00–1,000.00	8,450	1
Heifer Pairs	—	Medium and Large 1-2	865	1,050.00/cwt	1,050.00–1,050.00	9,083	1
Replacement Cattle · Cow-Calf Pairs7 lots · lightest first
Cow-Calf Pairs	—	Small and Medium 3	865	474.81/cwt	450.00–500.00	4,107	3
Cow-Calf Pairs	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,025	1,132.32/cwt	1,050.00–1,200.00	11,606	2
Cow-Calf Pairs	—	Small and Medium 3	1,075	685.00/cwt	685.00–685.00	7,364	1
Cow-Calf Pairs	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,115	925.00/cwt	925.00–925.00	10,314	1
Cow-Calf Pairs	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,163	1,149.12/cwt	875.00–1,300.00	13,364	10
Cow-Calf Pairs	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,220	1,350.00/cwt	1,350.00–1,350.00	16,470	1
Cow-Calf Pairs	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,280	1,000.00/cwt	1,000.00–1,000.00	12,800	1
Replacement Cattle · Bred Cows11 lots · lightest first
Bred Cows	—	Small and Medium 3	675	43.00/cwt	43.00–43.00	290	1
Bred Cows	—	Small and Medium 3	715	65.00/cwt	65.00–65.00	465	1
Bred Cows	—	Small and Medium 3	720	500.00/cwt	500.00–500.00	3,600	1
Bred Cows	—	Small and Medium 3	775	60.00/cwt	60.00–60.00	465	1
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	800	825.00/cwt	825.00–825.00	6,600	1
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,063	985.14/cwt	815.00–1,165.00	10,472	6
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,063	904.09/cwt	700.00–1,100.00	9,610	6
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,068	68.65/cwt	59.00–75.00	733	3
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,159	77.07/cwt	68.00–81.00	893	4
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,362	81.51/cwt	80.00–83.00	1,110	5
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,410	82.00/cwt	82.00–82.00	1,156	1

This sale against other markets

Arkansas weighted averages

One sale is one barn on one day. The state ladder is every Arkansas auction USDA reported that week, weighted by head — the fairer test of whether a lot sold well.

Arkansas feeder prices, every weight →Every state and region →

I-40 Livestock - Ozark, AR

Thu Apr 28, 2022

USDA Livestock, Poultry & Grain Market News · Federal-State Market News Service, Little Rock, AR (LS-LR)

Feeder CattleReceipts 525Last week 261Year ago 337

Slaughter CattleReceipts 75Last week 43Year ago 52

Replacement CattleReceipts 57Last week 16Year ago 68

Feeder Cattle

As reported

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 1$ per cwt · actual wt
25	—	375	185.00–207.50	197.29
14	—	320	190.00–205.00	196.99
4	—	564	175.00–187.00	182.98
2	—	875	136.00–138.00	136.98
14	—	517	173.00–185.00	179.69
22	—	422	180.00–204.00	189.59
2	—	788	148.00–150.00	148.99
2	—	678	160.00–167.50	163.74
31	—	476	174.00–196.00	184.67
9	—	628	164.00–173.00	169.66

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
4	—	319	171.00–180.00	175.42
3	—	565	143.00–153.00	146.99
3	—	528	152.50–162.50	155.91
2	—	375	160.00–170.00	165.00
10	—	474	155.00–173.00	167.25
6	—	428	169.00–177.50	172.45

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 3$ per cwt · actual wt
2	—	565	90.00–92.50	91.23
1	—	895	84.00	84.00
1	—	820	69.00	69.00
5	—	403	117.50–145.00	139.40
2	—	458	141.00–142.50	141.74
1	—	315	115.00	115.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 1 · Fleshy$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	580	161.00	161.00
1	—	480	150.00	150.00
1	—	600	160.00	160.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Small and Medium 3$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	580	45.00	45.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 1 · Value Added$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	910	135.00	135.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 2 · Thin Fleshed$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	475	177.50	177.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 1 · Thin Fleshed$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	365	210.00	210.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 1$ per cwt · actual wt
5	—	668	140.00–152.00	145.79
5	—	715	132.50–141.00	138.88
8	—	473	157.00–167.50	161.60
19	—	572	142.50–160.00	150.68
24	—	433	155.00–180.00	165.90
15	—	622	145.00–158.00	155.11
3	—	330	177.50	177.50
32	—	524	143.00–163.00	151.94
1	—	755	132.00	132.00
18	—	381	167.50–185.00	177.70

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 2 · Thin Fleshed$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	485	162.50	162.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
5	—	571	133.00–139.00	136.59
1	—	710	129.00	129.00
7	—	316	132.50–152.50	145.59
3	—	615	135.00–140.00	137.66
11	—	427	139.00–157.50	152.64
6	—	530	128.00–140.00	136.82
5	—	372	140.00–160.00	151.66
9	—	477	137.00–158.00	148.50
3	—	682	135.00–140.00	138.02

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 3$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	600	80.00	80.00
4	—	486	80.00–132.50	107.62
1	—	695	105.00	105.00
5	—	380	103.00–130.00	117.71
3	—	580	100.00–120.00	106.44
1	—	340	125.00	125.00
3	—	405	90.00–117.50	101.42
1	—	545	120.00	120.00
1	—	790	96.00	96.00
1	—	700	71.00	71.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 1$ per cwt · actual wt
2	—	1,038	105.00	105.00
1	—	825	122.00	122.00
11	—	619	147.00–168.00	157.29
4	—	679	144.00–156.00	149.48
3	—	727	136.00–144.00	139.93
2	—	880	112.00–118.00	115.03
13	—	529	152.00–177.50	165.78
14	—	576	151.00–175.00	161.93

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 1 · Thin Fleshed$ per cwt · actual wt
2	—	513	182.50–187.00	184.76

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 3$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	575	110.00	110.00
1	—	830	77.50	77.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	780	107.00	107.00
1	—	520	137.00	137.00

Slaughter Cattle

As reported

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Lean 85-90%$ per cwt · actual wt
3	—	1,172	80.00–81.00	80.35

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Breaker 75-80%$ per cwt · actual wt
8	—	1,328	79.00–83.00	81.05
3	—	1,382	77.00–78.00	77.33

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Boner 80-85%$ per cwt · actual wt
4	—	983	69.00–70.00	69.53
7	—	1,165	79.00–83.00	80.31
9	—	1,136	73.00–77.00	74.84
6	—	971	53.00–62.00	55.48

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Lean 85-90% · Light Weight$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	770	51.00	51.00
1	—	745	70.00	70.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Boner 80-85% · Light Weight$ per cwt · actual wt
2	—	765	38.00–49.00	43.68
1	—	815	54.00	54.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls$ per cwt · actual wt
9	—	1,633	102.00–109.00	105.08
6	—	1,496	81.00–101.00	93.01
2	—	1,853	115.00–116.50	115.74

Replacement Cattle

As reported

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Stock Cows — Medium and Large 1-2$ per cwt · actual wt
(<2 yrs)	Open	4	—	750	87.00–95.00	92.44
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	Open	1	—	1,055	79.50	79.50

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifer Pairs — Medium and Large 1-2$ per cwt · actual wt
(<2 yrs)	Open	1	—	845	1,000.00	1,000.00
(<2 yrs)	Open	1	—	865	1,050.00	1,050.00

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cow-Calf Pairs — Small and Medium 3$ per cwt · actual wt
Aged (>8 yrs)	Open	3	—	865	450.00–500.00	474.81
Aged (>8 yrs)	Open	1	—	1,075	685.00	685.00

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cow-Calf Pairs — Medium and Large 1-2$ per cwt · actual wt
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	Open	1	—	1,280	1,000.00	1,000.00
Aged (>8 yrs)	Open	1	—	1,115	925.00	925.00
Young (2-4 yrs)	Open	2	—	1,025	1,050.00–1,200.00	1,132.32
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	Open	10	—	1,163	875.00–1,300.00	1,149.12
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	Open	1	—	1,220	1,350.00	1,350.00

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bred Cows — Medium and Large 1-2$ per cwt · actual wt
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	6	—	1,063	700.00–1,100.00	904.09
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	4	—	1,159	68.00–81.00	77.07
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	1	—	1,410	82.00	82.00
Young (2-4 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	1	—	800	825.00	825.00
Aged (>8 yrs)	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	3	—	1,068	59.00–75.00	68.65
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	5	—	1,362	80.00–83.00	81.51
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	6	—	1,063	815.00–1,165.00	985.14

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bred Cows — Small and Medium 3$ per cwt · actual wt
Aged (>8 yrs)	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	1	—	675	43.00	43.00
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	1	—	715	65.00	65.00
Young (2-4 yrs)	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	1	—	720	500.00	500.00
Young (2-4 yrs)	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	1	—	775	60.00	60.00

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 1-2$ per cwt · actual wt
Young (2-4 yrs)	N/A	1	—	1,780	115.00	115.00

Head, weight ranges, average weights and price ranges are exactly as USDA AMS filed them — nothing recomputed, nothing rounded — in USDA's own reporting structure. This is RaisedBeef's rendering of that data, not a copy of USDA's document.