Sale reports / Kentucky / Stanford Livestock Auction / 2025-05-15

Stanford Livestock Auction

Name: Stanford Livestock Auction livestock auction prices — 2025-05-15
Creator: RaisedBeef
Published: 2025-05-15

Feeder Cattle · Slaughter Cattle · Replacement Cattle · Stanford, Kentucky · Thu, May 15

● Final106 lots reportedUSDA AMS · slug 2191

← May 8May 15May 22 →

Feeder Cattle receipts

1,422 head

▲ 557 vs last sale 865▲ 116 vs year ago 1,306 · +8.9%

Slaughter Cattle receipts

103 head

▲ 3 vs last sale 100▲ 38 vs year ago 65 · +58.5%

Replacement Cattle receipts

7 head

▼ 5 vs last sale 12▲ 7 vs year ago 0 · no sale a year ago

View

Reporter comment USDA

As filed

Compared to last Thursday: Feeder steers under 500 lbs sharply lower, over 500 lbs 5.00-8.00 lower, Feeder and yearling heifers 4.00-6.00 lower, Moderate to good demand for feeder and yearling classes. Slaughter cows steady, Slaughter bulls 3.00-5.00 higher, Good demand for slaughter classes.

Weight class — the figures below change to match

Weight classPick one — the panels below update

Steers · summary 500–600 lb

Weighted average of every reported lot

500–600 lb steers averaged $366.82/cwt on 79 head. That ranks 2 of 32 comparable sales and sits −74.96 against this barn's trailing median of $441.78.

Average price

$366.82

79 head · 553 lb average

Value per head Derived

$2,028

Price × average weight ÷ 100

Grade differential Derived

$456

per head · Medium and Large 1-2 over Medium and Large 2-3

$55.02/cwt at this weight

vs the market

−6.46

vs KY average

−17.78 vs national

Price by quality 500–600 lb

Frame and muscle grade

Frame / muscle	Avg wt	$/cwt	$/head	Head
Medium and Large 1-2	553	367.52	2,034	78
Medium and Large 2-3	505	312.50	1,578	1thin

One grade step is worth $55.02/cwt here — about $456 a head. Across this sale the premium is widest at 400–500 lb. USDA reports each grade on its own line and never publishes the spread.

How it compared 500–600 lb

Same class and week · spot auction only

This sale79 hd

366.82

—

KY average25 barns · 1,088 hd

373.28

−6.46

National average159 barns · 12,107 hd

384.60

−17.78

This barn, trailing median32 sales

441.78

−74.96

A barn can sit above the state average at one weight and below it at another — check the class you actually sell.

This barn's trailing prices 500–600 lb

32 sales

Steers 500–600 lb: high $514.05, low $359.98, median $441.78 across 32 sales. Sales under 10 head in this class are excluded, so a thin day cannot swing the median or the ranking.

Slaughter cattle

By class and quality grade · $/cwt

Cull cows and bulls are graded, not weight-classed — grade is what moves the money here.

Class	Grade	Dressing	Avg wt	$/cwt	$/head	Head
Bulls	—	High	1,651	197.01	3,253	17
Cows	Boner 80-85%	High	1,277	155.32	1,984	34
Cows	Breaker 75-80%	High	1,674	154.58	2,588	9thin
Cows	Lean 85-90%	Very Low	1,066	142.61	1,520	26
Steers	Select and Choice	Average	1,175	232.96	2,737	2thin

Replacement cattle Per head

By class, stage and age

Bred stock and pairs are reported per head, not per hundredweight — these prices are never mixed with the $/cwt figures above.

Class	Stage	Age	Avg wt	$/head	Head
Bred Cows	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	1,225	$2,425	1thin
Bred Cows	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	Young (2-4 yrs)	1,225	$2,325	1thin
Bred Cows	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	1,188	$2,143	3thin
Cow-Calf Pairs	Open	Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	1,195	$2,688	2thin

Every lot

106 lots · USDA AMS · Blue Grass South Stockyards (Thursday) - Stanford, KY

Nothing removed and nothing rounded — the same lots as the USDA report, with per-head values added. Grouped by class and set lightest first; USDA files them in sale-ring order.

Class	Weight	Grade / description	Avg wt	Price	Range	Per head	Head
Feeder Cattle · Steers25 lots · lightest first
Steers	150–200	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	190	630.00/cwt	630.00–630.00	1,197	1
Steers	250–300	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	281	452.17/cwt	410.00–500.00	1,271	5
Steers	300–350	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	300	449.00/cwt	449.00–449.00	1,347	1
Steers	300–350	Medium and Large 1-2	335	380.00/cwt	380.00–380.00	1,273	1
Steers	350–400	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	370	414.40/cwt	405.00–442.50	1,533	7
Steers	400–450	Medium and Large 1-2	420	377.92/cwt	375.00–380.00	1,587	3
Steers	400–450	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	427	395.20/cwt	391.00–412.50	1,688	10
Steers	450–500	Medium and Large 1-2	470	365.49/cwt	360.00–370.00	1,718	4
Steers	450–500	Medium and Large 2-3	476	326.47/cwt	305.00–330.00	1,554	7
Steers	500–550	Medium and Large 2-3	505	312.50/cwt	312.50–312.50	1,578	1
Steers	500–550	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	525	383.43/cwt	377.00–385.00	2,013	25
Steers	500–550	Medium and Large 1-2	525	348.28/cwt	332.50–355.00	1,828	14
Steers	550–600	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	581	368.76/cwt	361.00–370.50	2,142	31
Steers	550–600	Medium and Large 1-2	585	346.62/cwt	340.00–357.50	2,028	8
Steers	600–650	Medium and Large 1-2	618	297.65/cwt	285.00–304.00	1,839	3
Steers	600–650	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	625	350.02/cwt	321.00–357.00	2,188	43
Steers	650–700	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	677	326.60/cwt	310.00–335.00	2,211	32
Steers	700–750	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	723	322.58/cwt	320.00–325.00	2,332	21
Steers	750–800	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	769	295.00/cwt	295.00–295.00	2,269	65
Steers	800–850	Medium and Large 1-2	800	260.00/cwt	260.00–260.00	2,080	1
Steers	800–850	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	802	280.87/cwt	272.50–281.00	2,253	66
Steers	850–900	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	888	274.52/cwt	266.50–282.95	2,438	129
Steers	900–950	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	913	284.40/cwt	284.40–284.40	2,597	58
Steers	950–1000	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	988	271.70/cwt	271.70–271.70	2,684	58
Steers	1000–1050	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	1,004	260.00/cwt	260.00–260.00	2,610	56
Feeder Cattle · Heifers32 lots · lightest first
Heifers	250–300	Medium and Large 1-2	290	372.50/cwt	372.50–372.50	1,080	1
Heifers	300–350	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	324	395.67/cwt	375.00–442.50	1,282	11
Heifers	300–350	Medium and Large 2-3	337	338.34/cwt	335.00–340.00	1,140	3
Heifers	300–350	Medium and Large 1-2	340	361.19/cwt	357.50–365.00	1,228	2
Heifers	350–400	Medium and Large 2-3	361	334.34/cwt	330.00–340.00	1,207	4
Heifers	350–400	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	366	387.35/cwt	382.50–405.00	1,418	9
Heifers	350–400	Medium and Large 1-2	371	361.79/cwt	345.00–370.00	1,342	5
Heifers	400–450	Medium and Large 1-2	426	346.47/cwt	340.00–360.00	1,476	18
Heifers	400–450	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	428	382.35/cwt	377.50–387.50	1,636	2
Heifers	400–450	Medium and Large 2-3	438	305.64/cwt	281.00–330.00	1,339	2
Heifers	450–500	Medium and Large 1-2	466	354.50/cwt	337.50–367.50	1,652	22
Heifers	450–500	Medium and Large 2-3	470	300.00/cwt	300.00–300.00	1,410	1
Heifers	450–500	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	481	370.00/cwt	370.00–370.00	1,780	4
Heifers	500–550	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	500	370.00/cwt	370.00–370.00	1,850	4
Heifers	500–550	Medium and Large 1-2	528	316.67/cwt	310.00–327.50	1,672	10
Heifers	500–550	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	539	346.29/cwt	337.00–357.50	1,867	117
Heifers	550–600	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	559	339.95/cwt	335.00–342.50	1,900	10
Heifers	550–600	Medium and Large 1-2	578	318.79/cwt	297.50–327.00	1,843	25
Heifers	550–600	Medium and Large 2-3	582	272.07/cwt	255.00–290.00	1,583	5
Heifers	600–650	Medium and Large 2-3	610	250.00/cwt	250.00–250.00	1,525	1
Heifers	600–650	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	634	293.39/cwt	289.00–305.00	1,860	12
Heifers	600–650	Medium and Large 1-2	635	270.00/cwt	270.00–270.00	1,715	1
Heifers	650–700	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	692	290.23/cwt	287.50–310.00	2,008	98
Heifers	700–750	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	705	300.17/cwt	299.00–302.50	2,116	3
Heifers	700–750	Medium and Large 1-2	710	255.00/cwt	255.00–255.00	1,811	1
Heifers	700–750	Medium and Large 2-3	723	217.97/cwt	202.50–232.50	1,576	2
Heifers	750–800	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	756	290.50/cwt	290.50–290.50	2,196	33
Heifers	750–800	Medium and Large 2-3	760	180.00/cwt	180.00–180.00	1,368	1
Heifers	750–800	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	795	271.80/cwt	271.75–275.00	2,161	67
Heifers	800–850	Medium and Large 1-2	826	259.00/cwt	259.00–259.00	2,139	3
Heifers	800–850	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	832	274.47/cwt	272.50–274.50	2,284	67
Heifers	850–900	Medium and Large 1-2	870	227.50/cwt	227.50–227.50	1,979	1
Feeder Cattle · Bulls30 lots · lightest first
Bulls	250–300	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	265	465.00/cwt	465.00–465.00	1,232	1
Bulls	300–350	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	332	447.65/cwt	432.50–455.00	1,486	3
Bulls	300–350	Medium and Large 2-3	335	326.23/cwt	325.00–327.50	1,093	2
Bulls	350–400	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	356	403.44/cwt	400.00–417.50	1,436	5
Bulls	350–400	Medium and Large 1-2	373	381.70/cwt	380.00–385.00	1,424	3
Bulls	400–450	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	417	441.65/cwt	410.00–460.00	1,842	8
Bulls	400–450	Medium and Large 1-2	426	370.39/cwt	362.50–377.50	1,578	5
Bulls	450–500	Medium and Large 1-2	456	374.81/cwt	367.00–382.50	1,709	7
Bulls	450–500	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	465	400.00/cwt	400.00–400.00	1,860	1
Bulls	450–500	Medium and Large 2-3	470	345.82/cwt	317.50–355.00	1,625	10
Bulls	500–550	Medium and Large 1-2	515	351.42/cwt	340.00–357.50	1,810	12
Bulls	500–550	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	525	364.09/cwt	362.50–367.50	1,911	6
Bulls	500–550	Medium and Large 2-3	528	320.00/cwt	320.00–320.00	1,690	3
Bulls	550–600	Medium and Large 1-2	572	340.33/cwt	332.00–350.00	1,947	23
Bulls	550–600	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	578	362.50/cwt	362.50–362.50	2,095	3
Bulls	550–600	Medium and Large 2-3	587	317.50/cwt	317.50–317.50	1,864	2
Bulls	600–650	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	635	331.88/cwt	290.00–337.00	2,107	10
Bulls	650–700	Medium and Large 2-3	655	270.00/cwt	270.00–270.00	1,769	1
Bulls	650–700	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	672	312.76/cwt	297.50–330.00	2,102	6
Bulls	650–700	Medium and Large 1-2	690	280.00/cwt	280.00–280.00	1,932	1
Bulls	650–700	Small and Medium 1-2	690	227.50/cwt	227.50–227.50	1,570	1
Bulls	700–750	Medium and Large 2-3	715	195.00/cwt	195.00–195.00	1,394	1
Bulls	750–800	Medium and Large 2-3	750	232.50/cwt	232.50–232.50	1,744	1
Bulls	750–800	Medium and Large 1-2	773	260.29/cwt	250.00–270.00	2,012	2
Bulls	800–850	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	820	255.00/cwt	255.00–255.00	2,091	1
Bulls	800–850	Medium and Large 1-2	820	234.00/cwt	234.00–234.00	1,919	1
Bulls	800–850	Medium and Large 2-3	840	215.00/cwt	215.00–215.00	1,806	1
Bulls	850–900	Medium and Large 1-2	865	230.00/cwt	230.00–230.00	1,990	1
Bulls	850–900	Medium and Large 2-3	875	205.00/cwt	205.00–205.00	1,794	1
Bulls	950–1000	Medium and Large 2-3	980	186.00/cwt	186.00–186.00	1,823	1
Slaughter Cattle · Steers1 lot · lightest first
Steers	—	Select and Choice	1,175	232.96/cwt	205.00–265.00	2,737	2
Slaughter Cattle · Bulls3 lots · lightest first
Bulls	—	—	1,510	186.69/cwt	183.00–190.00	2,819	6
Bulls	—	—	1,510	171.00/cwt	171.00–171.00	2,582	1
Bulls	—	—	1,750	205.80/cwt	195.00–221.00	3,602	10
Slaughter Cattle · Cows10 lots · lightest first
Cows	—	Lean 85-90%	1,026	126.90/cwt	122.00–130.00	1,302	5
Cows	—	Lean 85-90%	1,052	139.64/cwt	131.00–146.00	1,469	8
Cows	—	Lean 85-90%	1,084	153.76/cwt	149.00–168.00	1,667	12
Cows	—	Lean 85-90%	1,155	111.00/cwt	111.00–111.00	1,282	1
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%	1,180	129.00/cwt	129.00–129.00	1,522	1
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%	1,277	159.40/cwt	150.00–173.00	2,036	26
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%	1,293	143.93/cwt	140.00–148.00	1,861	7
Cows	—	Breaker 75-80%	1,635	114.00/cwt	114.00–114.00	1,864	1
Cows	—	Breaker 75-80%	1,666	164.32/cwt	155.00–172.00	2,738	7
Cows	—	Breaker 75-80%	1,770	127.00/cwt	127.00–127.00	2,248	1
Replacement Cattle · Cow-Calf Pairs2 lots · lightest first
Cow-Calf Pairs	—	Small 1-2	990	2,225.00/head	2,225.00–2,225.00	2,225	1
Cow-Calf Pairs	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,400	3,150.00/head	3,150.00–3,150.00	3,150	1
Replacement Cattle · Bred Cows3 lots · lightest first
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,188	2,142.85/head	1,850.00–2,450.00	2,143	3
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,225	2,425.00/head	2,425.00–2,425.00	2,425	1
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,225	2,325.00/head	2,325.00–2,325.00	2,325	1

This sale against other markets

Kentucky weighted averages

One sale is one barn on one day. The state ladder is every Kentucky auction USDA reported that week, weighted by head — the fairer test of whether a lot sold well.

Kentucky feeder prices, every weight →Every state and region →

Blue Grass South Stockyards (Thursday) - Stanford, KY

Thu May 15, 2025

USDA Livestock, Poultry & Grain Market News · Federal-State Market News Service, Frankfort, KY (LS-LG)

Feeder CattleReceipts 1,422Last week 865Year ago 1,306

Slaughter CattleReceipts 103Last week 100Year ago 65

Replacement CattleReceipts 7Last week 12Year ago 0

Slaughter Cattle

As reported

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Lean 85-90%$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	1,155	111.00	111.00
12	—	1,084	149.00–168.00	153.76
5	—	1,026	122.00–130.00	126.90
8	—	1,052	131.00–146.00	139.64

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Boner 80-85%$ per cwt · actual wt
26	—	1,277	150.00–173.00	159.40
1	—	1,180	129.00	129.00
7	—	1,293	140.00–148.00	143.93

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Breaker 75-80%$ per cwt · actual wt
7	—	1,666	155.00–172.00	164.32
1	—	1,635	114.00	114.00
1	—	1,770	127.00	127.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls$ per cwt · actual wt
10	—	1,750	195.00–221.00	205.80
1	—	1,510	171.00	171.00
6	—	1,510	183.00–190.00	186.69

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Select and Choice$ per cwt · actual wt
2	—	1,175	205.00–265.00	232.96

Feeder Cattle

As reported

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 2-3$ per cwt · actual wt
2	300–350	335	325.00–327.50	326.23
10	450–500	470	317.50–355.00	345.82
3	500–550	528	320.00	320.00
2	550–600	587	317.50	317.50
1	650–700	655	270.00	270.00
1	700–750	715	195.00	195.00
1	750–800	750	232.50	232.50
1	800–850	840	215.00	215.00
1	850–900	875	205.00	205.00
1	950–1000	980	186.00	186.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Small and Medium 1-2$ per cwt · actual wt
1	650–700	690	227.50	227.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 1-2$ per cwt · actual wt
3	350–400	373	380.00–385.00	381.70
5	400–450	426	362.50–377.50	370.39
7	450–500	456	367.00–382.50	374.81
12	500–550	515	340.00–357.50	351.42
23	550–600	572	332.00–350.00	340.33
1	650–700	690	280.00	280.00
2	750–800	773	250.00–270.00	260.29
1	800–850	820	234.00	234.00
1	850–900	865	230.00	230.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 1-2 · Fancy$ per cwt · actual wt
1	250–300	265	465.00	465.00
3	300–350	332	432.50–455.00	447.65
5	350–400	356	400.00–417.50	403.44
8	400–450	417	410.00–460.00	441.65
1	450–500	465	400.00	400.00
6	500–550	525	362.50–367.50	364.09
3	550–600	578	362.50	362.50
10	600–650	635	290.00–337.00	331.88
6	650–700	672	297.50–330.00	312.76
1	800–850	820	255.00	255.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 2-3$ per cwt · actual wt
3	300–350	337	335.00–340.00	338.34
4	350–400	361	330.00–340.00	334.34
2	400–450	438	281.00–330.00	305.64
1	450–500	470	300.00	300.00
5	550–600	582	255.00–290.00	272.07
1	600–650	610	250.00	250.00
2	700–750	723	202.50–232.50	217.97
1	750–800	760	180.00	180.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 1-2$ per cwt · actual wt
1	250–300	290	372.50	372.50
2	300–350	340	357.50–365.00	361.19
5	350–400	371	345.00–370.00	361.79
18	400–450	426	340.00–360.00	346.47
22	450–500	466	337.50–367.50	354.50
10	500–550	528	310.00–327.50	316.67
25	550–600	578	297.50–327.00	318.79
1	600–650	635	270.00	270.00
1	700–750	710	255.00	255.00
3	800–850	826	259.00	259.00
1	850–900	870	227.50	227.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 1-2 · Fancy$ per cwt · actual wt
11	300–350	324	375.00–442.50	395.67
9	350–400	366	382.50–405.00	387.35
2	400–450	428	377.50–387.50	382.35
4	450–500	481	370.00	370.00
4	500–550	500	370.00	370.00
3	700–750	705	299.00–302.50	300.17
33	750–800	756	290.50	290.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 1-2 · Value Added$ per cwt · actual wt
117	500–550	539	337.00–357.50	346.29
10	550–600	559	335.00–342.50	339.95
12	600–650	634	289.00–305.00	293.39
98	650–700	692	287.50–310.00	290.23
67	750–800	795	271.75–275.00	271.80
67	800–850	832	272.50–274.50	274.47

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 1-2 · Value Added$ per cwt · actual wt
25	500–550	525	377.00–385.00	383.43
31	550–600	581	361.00–370.50	368.76
43	600–650	625	321.00–357.00	350.02
32	650–700	677	310.00–335.00	326.60
21	700–750	723	320.00–325.00	322.58
65	750–800	769	295.00	295.00
66	800–850	802	272.50–281.00	280.87
129	850–900	888	266.50–282.95	274.52
58	900–950	913	284.40	284.40
58	950–1000	988	271.70	271.70
56	1000–1050	1,004	260.00	260.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 1-2$ per cwt · actual wt
1	300–350	335	380.00	380.00
3	400–450	420	375.00–380.00	377.92
4	450–500	470	360.00–370.00	365.49
14	500–550	525	332.50–355.00	348.28
8	550–600	585	340.00–357.50	346.62
3	600–650	618	285.00–304.00	297.65
1	800–850	800	260.00	260.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 1-2 · Fancy$ per cwt · actual wt
1	150–200	190	630.00	630.00
5	250–300	281	410.00–500.00	452.17
1	300–350	300	449.00	449.00
7	350–400	370	405.00–442.50	414.40
10	400–450	427	391.00–412.50	395.20

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 2-3$ per cwt · actual wt
7	450–500	476	305.00–330.00	326.47
1	500–550	505	312.50	312.50

Replacement Cattle

As reported

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cow-Calf Pairs — Small 1-2$ per head · actual wt
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	Open	1	—	990	2,225.00	2,225.00

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cow-Calf Pairs — Medium and Large 1-2$ per head · actual wt
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	Open	1	—	1,400	3,150.00	3,150.00

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bred Cows — Medium and Large 1-2$ per head · actual wt
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	1	—	1,225	2,425.00	2,425.00
Young (2-4 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	1	—	1,225	2,325.00	2,325.00
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	3	—	1,188	1,850.00–2,450.00	2,142.85

Head, weight ranges, average weights and price ranges are exactly as USDA AMS filed them — nothing recomputed, nothing rounded — in USDA's own reporting structure. This is RaisedBeef's rendering of that data, not a copy of USDA's document.