Sale reports / Kentucky / Springfield Livestock Auction - Kentucky / 2023-04-03

Springfield Livestock Auction - Kentucky

Name: Springfield Livestock Auction - Kentucky livestock auction prices — 2023-04-03
Creator: RaisedBeef
Published: 2023-04-03

Feeder Cattle · Slaughter Cattle · Replacement Cattle · Springfield, Kentucky · Mon, Apr 3

● Final120 lots reportedUSDA AMS · slug 2209

← Mar 27Apr 3Apr 10 →

Feeder Cattle receipts

2,078 head

▲ 299 vs last sale 1,779▲ 272 vs year ago 1,806 · +15.1%

Slaughter Cattle receipts

52 head

▲ 12 vs last sale 40▼ 50 vs year ago 102 · −49.0%

Replacement Cattle receipts

7 head

▲ 7 vs last sale 0▲ 7 vs year ago 0 · no sale a year ago

View

Reporter comment USDA

As filed

Compared to last week feeder steers under 600 lbs sold steady to 2.00 lower and feeder steers over 600 lbs sold steady to 3.00 higher. Feeder heifers sold mostly steady to firm. There was good demand for feeder classes. Slaughter cows sold steady to 2.00 lower. Slaughter bulls sold 2.00 to 4.00 lower. There was moderate to good demand for slaughter classes.

Weight class — the figures below change to match

Weight classPick one — the panels below update

Steers · summary 0–100 lb

Weighted average of every reported lot

0–100 lb steers averaged $211.92/cwt on 855 head.

Average price

$211.92

855 head · 613 lb average

Value per head Derived

$1,299

Price × average weight ÷ 100

Grade differential Derived

$231

per head · Medium and Large 1-2 over Large 1-2

$50.87/cwt at this weight

vs the market

+2.20

vs KY average

Price by quality 0–100 lb

Frame and muscle grade

Frame / muscle	Avg wt	$/cwt	$/head	Head
Medium and Large 1-2	617	214.47	1,323	765
Medium and Large 2-3	533	203.51	1,085	60
Large 1-2	668	163.60	1,092	30

One grade step is worth $50.87/cwt here — about $231 a head. Across this sale the premium is widest at 0–100 lb. USDA reports each grade on its own line and never publishes the spread.

How it compared 0–100 lb

Same class and week · spot auction only

This sale855 hd

211.92

—

KY average23 barns · 6,629 hd

209.72

+2.20

A barn can sit above the state average at one weight and below it at another — check the class you actually sell.

Slaughter cattle

By class and quality grade · $/cwt

Cull cows and bulls are graded, not weight-classed — grade is what moves the money here.

Class	Grade	Dressing	Avg wt	$/cwt	$/head	Head
Bulls	—	Low	1,447	118.56	1,715	9thin
Cows	Boner 80-85%	Average	1,182	94.42	1,116	23
Cows	Breaker 75-80%	Average	1,530	85.00	1,301	1thin
Cows	Lean 85-90%	Low	956	73.32	701	7thin
Heifers	Select and Choice	Average	1,135	120.00	1,362	1thin
Steers	Select and Choice	High	1,278	140.87	1,800	3thin

Replacement cattle Per head

By class, stage and age

Bred stock and pairs are reported per head, not per hundredweight — these prices are never mixed with the $/cwt figures above.

Class	Stage	Age	Avg wt	$/head	Head
Cow-Calf Pairs	Open	Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	798	$696	2thin

Every lot

120 lots · USDA AMS · Washington Co. Cattle Sale - Springfield, KY

Nothing removed and nothing rounded — the same lots as the USDA report, with per-head values added. Grouped by class and set lightest first; USDA files them in sale-ring order.

Class	Weight	Grade / description	Avg wt	Price	Range	Per head	Head
Feeder Cattle · Steers42 lots · lightest first
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	280	242.00/cwt	242.00–242.00	678	2
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	290	205.00/cwt	205.00–205.00	595	2
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	310	235.96/cwt	230.00–241.00	731	9
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	330	220.00/cwt	220.00–220.00	726	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	344	251.24/cwt	250.00–255.00	864	4
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	383	269.00/cwt	269.00–269.00	1,030	6
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	386	247.26/cwt	242.00–250.00	954	12
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	386	225.91/cwt	225.00–230.00	872	5
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	404	220.32/cwt	220.00–223.00	890	13
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	413	250.00/cwt	250.00–250.00	1,033	12
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	421	232.28/cwt	226.00–240.00	978	41
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	478	228.69/cwt	220.00–235.00	1,093	61
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	479	239.91/cwt	239.00–240.00	1,149	10
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	493	217.00/cwt	217.00–217.00	1,070	4
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	509	241.98/cwt	238.00–245.00	1,232	42
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	521	227.62/cwt	218.50–236.00	1,186	45
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	524	212.68/cwt	211.00–216.00	1,114	8
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	572	198.08/cwt	194.00–210.00	1,133	8
Steers	—	Large 1-2	576	176.00/cwt	176.00–176.00	1,014	11
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	581	235.08/cwt	232.00–238.00	1,366	44
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	589	222.53/cwt	213.00–230.00	1,311	108
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	605	233.00/cwt	233.00–233.00	1,410	2
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	618	211.63/cwt	200.00–218.50	1,308	79
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	622	225.05/cwt	221.00–226.00	1,400	13
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	623	194.41/cwt	193.00–196.00	1,211	5
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	675	184.69/cwt	180.00–187.00	1,247	8
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	682	208.40/cwt	208.25–210.00	1,421	55
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	686	199.35/cwt	191.00–207.00	1,368	34
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	714	195.19/cwt	192.50–200.00	1,394	40
Steers	—	Large 1-2	717	157.00/cwt	157.00–157.00	1,126	18
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	724	184.73/cwt	173.00–191.00	1,337	28
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	739	170.00/cwt	170.00–170.00	1,256	4
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	785	160.00/cwt	160.00–160.00	1,256	1
Steers	—	Large 1-2	785	146.00/cwt	146.00–146.00	1,146	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	786	182.24/cwt	175.00–185.00	1,432	32
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	805	180.00/cwt	180.00–180.00	1,449	2
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	824	169.87/cwt	163.00–177.50	1,400	13
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	895	163.00/cwt	163.00–163.00	1,459	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	910	178.75/cwt	178.75–178.75	1,627	62
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	915	143.00/cwt	143.00–143.00	1,308	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	930	157.00/cwt	157.00–157.00	1,460	5
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	968	154.00/cwt	154.00–154.00	1,491	3
Feeder Cattle · Heifers34 lots · lightest first
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	272	214.08/cwt	209.00–221.00	582	7
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	283	200.00/cwt	200.00–200.00	566	6
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	332	212.35/cwt	205.00–220.50	705	21
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	335	200.00/cwt	200.00–200.00	670	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	361	191.11/cwt	188.00–192.00	690	7
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	375	224.73/cwt	221.00–230.00	843	6
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	382	207.90/cwt	200.00–215.00	794	38
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	415	193.70/cwt	190.00–195.00	804	4
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	429	207.85/cwt	199.00–216.00	892	52
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	437	220.75/cwt	218.00–224.00	965	33
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	468	215.70/cwt	214.00–220.00	1,009	13
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	477	203.13/cwt	194.00–212.00	969	48
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	482	188.61/cwt	186.00–191.00	909	5
Heifers	—	Large 1-2	489	163.50/cwt	163.50–163.50	800	17
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	515	184.66/cwt	183.00–186.00	951	6
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	522	211.86/cwt	208.00–213.00	1,106	20
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	529	198.92/cwt	189.00–207.00	1,052	81
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	561	203.80/cwt	203.50–205.00	1,143	20
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	568	180.46/cwt	180.00–181.00	1,025	15
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	576	190.09/cwt	183.00–199.50	1,095	71
Heifers	—	Large 1-2	604	150.00/cwt	150.00–150.00	906	13
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	614	195.77/cwt	193.00–200.00	1,202	29
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	620	163.31/cwt	161.00–165.00	1,013	3
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	638	181.77/cwt	173.00–190.00	1,160	69
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	658	184.42/cwt	183.00–186.00	1,213	25
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	660	160.55/cwt	159.00–165.00	1,060	6
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	678	168.88/cwt	164.50–172.00	1,145	30
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	725	150.00/cwt	150.00–150.00	1,088	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2Value Added	731	178.00/cwt	178.00–178.00	1,301	74
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	734	165.01/cwt	160.00–170.00	1,211	19
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	772	145.17/cwt	144.00–150.00	1,121	5
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	873	121.49/cwt	121.00–122.00	1,061	2
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	887	148.50/cwt	148.50–148.50	1,317	2
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2-3	935	110.00/cwt	110.00–110.00	1,029	1
Feeder Cattle · Bulls28 lots · lightest first
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1-2	280	230.86/cwt	229.00–232.50	646	7
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2-3	315	210.00/cwt	210.00–210.00	662	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	320	250.52/cwt	250.00–251.00	802	2
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1-2	329	221.71/cwt	220.00–224.00	729	7
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1-2	365	226.43/cwt	220.00–236.00	826	16
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2-3	379	210.00/cwt	210.00–210.00	796	5
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	427	238.96/cwt	238.00–241.00	1,020	3
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1-2	428	225.43/cwt	220.00–232.00	965	14
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2-3	445	210.00/cwt	210.00–210.00	935	2
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1-2	471	223.49/cwt	220.00–230.00	1,053	18
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	492	240.00/cwt	240.00–240.00	1,181	4
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2-3	520	190.00/cwt	190.00–190.00	988	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1-2	526	208.50/cwt	200.00–214.00	1,097	13
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1-2	577	208.47/cwt	200.00–215.00	1,203	7
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2-3	585	185.00/cwt	185.00–185.00	1,082	2
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1-2Fancy	620	206.00/cwt	206.00–206.00	1,277	2
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1-2	622	197.45/cwt	190.00–203.00	1,228	10
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2-3	635	180.34/cwt	180.00–181.00	1,145	3
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1-2	656	189.07/cwt	184.00–199.00	1,240	3
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2-3	675	171.00/cwt	171.00–171.00	1,154	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2-3	735	153.00/cwt	153.00–153.00	1,125	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1-2	738	168.09/cwt	160.00–170.00	1,241	5
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1-2	763	161.37/cwt	154.00–165.00	1,231	3
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1-2	825	131.00/cwt	131.00–131.00	1,081	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1-2	860	135.00/cwt	135.00–135.00	1,161	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1-2	915	130.00/cwt	130.00–130.00	1,190	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,042	107.00/cwt	107.00–107.00	1,115	2
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,165	108.50/cwt	108.50–108.50	1,264	1
Feeder Cattle · Dairy Steers3 lots · lightest first
Dairy Steers	—	Large 3	350	167.00/cwt	167.00–167.00	585	2
Dairy Steers	—	Large 3	426	170.00/cwt	170.00–170.00	724	4
Dairy Steers	—	Large 3	505	160.00/cwt	160.00–160.00	808	3
Slaughter Cattle · Steers1 lot · lightest first
Steers	—	Select and Choice	1,278	140.87/cwt	140.00–143.00	1,800	3
Slaughter Cattle · Heifers1 lot · lightest first
Heifers	—	Select and Choice	1,135	120.00/cwt	120.00–120.00	1,362	1
Slaughter Cattle · Bulls2 lots · lightest first
Bulls	—	—	1,405	122.39/cwt	119.00–126.00	1,720	6
Bulls	—	—	1,530	110.89/cwt	109.00–113.50	1,697	3
Slaughter Cattle · Cows7 lots · lightest first
Cows	—	Lean 85-90%	941	73.69/cwt	71.00–78.00	693	4
Cows	—	Lean 85-90%	970	66.00/cwt	64.50–67.50	640	2
Cows	—	Lean 85-90%	990	86.50/cwt	86.50–86.50	856	1
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%	1,131	85.72/cwt	84.00–87.50	969	4
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%	1,167	94.63/cwt	90.00–98.50	1,104	14
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%	1,265	100.78/cwt	99.50–102.00	1,275	5
Cows	—	Breaker 75-80%	1,530	85.00/cwt	85.00–85.00	1,301	1
Replacement Cattle · Stock Cows1 lot · lightest first
Stock Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	980	90.50/cwt	90.50–90.50	887	1
Replacement Cattle · Cow-Calf Pairs1 lot · lightest first
Cow-Calf Pairs	—	Medium and Large 1-2	798	696.27/head	610.00–770.00	696	2

This sale against other markets

Kentucky weighted averages

One sale is one barn on one day. The state ladder is every Kentucky auction USDA reported that week, weighted by head — the fairer test of whether a lot sold well.

Kentucky feeder prices, every weight →Every state and region →

Washington Co. Cattle Sale - Springfield, KY

Mon Apr 3, 2023

USDA Livestock, Poultry & Grain Market News · Federal-State Market News Service, Frankfort, KY (LS-LG)

Feeder CattleReceipts 2,078Last week 1,779Year ago 1,806

Slaughter CattleReceipts 52Last week 40Year ago 102

Replacement CattleReceipts 7Last week 0Year ago 0

Feeder Cattle

As reported

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 1-2$ per cwt · actual wt
79	—	618	200.00–218.50	211.63
61	—	478	220.00–235.00	228.69
41	—	421	226.00–240.00	232.28
108	—	589	213.00–230.00	222.53
13	—	824	163.00–177.50	169.87
9	—	310	230.00–241.00	235.96
34	—	686	191.00–207.00	199.35
32	—	786	175.00–185.00	182.24
3	—	968	154.00	154.00
45	—	521	218.50–236.00	227.62
1	—	895	163.00	163.00
12	—	386	242.00–250.00	247.26
2	—	280	242.00	242.00
28	—	724	173.00–191.00	184.73
5	—	930	157.00	157.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 2-3$ per cwt · actual wt
4	—	493	217.00	217.00
1	—	785	160.00	160.00
13	—	404	220.00–223.00	220.32
4	—	739	170.00	170.00
1	—	330	220.00	220.00
8	—	572	194.00–210.00	198.08
8	—	675	180.00–187.00	184.69
8	—	524	211.00–216.00	212.68
5	—	623	193.00–196.00	194.41
1	—	915	143.00	143.00
2	—	290	205.00	205.00
5	—	386	225.00–230.00	225.91

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 1-2 · Fancy$ per cwt · actual wt
6	—	383	269.00	269.00
2	—	605	233.00	233.00
10	—	479	239.00–240.00	239.91
12	—	413	250.00	250.00
4	—	344	250.00–255.00	251.24

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Large 1-2$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	785	146.00	146.00
11	—	576	176.00	176.00
18	—	717	157.00	157.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 1-2 · Value Added$ per cwt · actual wt
55	—	682	208.25–210.00	208.40
2	—	805	180.00	180.00
44	—	581	232.00–238.00	235.08
42	—	509	238.00–245.00	241.98
13	—	622	221.00–226.00	225.05
62	—	910	178.75	178.75
40	—	714	192.50–200.00	195.19

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 1-2 · Value Added$ per cwt · actual wt
25	—	658	183.00–186.00	184.42
20	—	522	208.00–213.00	211.86
29	—	614	193.00–200.00	195.77
74	—	731	178.00	178.00
20	—	561	203.50–205.00	203.80

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 1-2$ per cwt · actual wt
71	—	576	183.00–199.50	190.09
19	—	734	160.00–170.00	165.01
30	—	678	164.50–172.00	168.88
52	—	429	199.00–216.00	207.85
81	—	529	189.00–207.00	198.92
7	—	272	209.00–221.00	214.08
69	—	638	173.00–190.00	181.77
38	—	382	200.00–215.00	207.90
2	—	887	148.50	148.50
48	—	477	194.00–212.00	203.13
21	—	332	205.00–220.50	212.35

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Large 1-2$ per cwt · actual wt
13	—	604	150.00	150.00
17	—	489	163.50	163.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 2-3$ per cwt · actual wt
6	—	515	183.00–186.00	184.66
5	—	482	186.00–191.00	188.61
6	—	660	159.00–165.00	160.55
3	—	620	161.00–165.00	163.31
5	—	772	144.00–150.00	145.17
7	—	361	188.00–192.00	191.11
1	—	335	200.00	200.00
4	—	415	190.00–195.00	193.70
6	—	283	200.00	200.00
15	—	568	180.00–181.00	180.46
1	—	725	150.00	150.00
2	—	873	121.00–122.00	121.49
1	—	935	110.00	110.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 1-2 · Fancy$ per cwt · actual wt
6	—	375	221.00–230.00	224.73
33	—	437	218.00–224.00	220.75
13	—	468	214.00–220.00	215.70

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Dairy Steers — Large 3$ per cwt · actual wt
3	—	505	160.00	160.00
2	—	350	167.00	167.00
4	—	426	170.00	170.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 1-2$ per cwt · actual wt
18	—	471	220.00–230.00	223.49
14	—	428	220.00–232.00	225.43
13	—	526	200.00–214.00	208.50
3	—	763	154.00–165.00	161.37
10	—	622	190.00–203.00	197.45
7	—	577	200.00–215.00	208.47
2	—	1,042	107.00	107.00
1	—	1,165	108.50	108.50
1	—	825	131.00	131.00
7	—	329	220.00–224.00	221.71
1	—	860	135.00	135.00
16	—	365	220.00–236.00	226.43
3	—	656	184.00–199.00	189.07
5	—	738	160.00–170.00	168.09
1	—	915	130.00	130.00
7	—	280	229.00–232.50	230.86

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 1-2 · Fancy$ per cwt · actual wt
4	—	492	240.00	240.00
3	—	427	238.00–241.00	238.96
2	—	620	206.00	206.00
2	—	320	250.00–251.00	250.52

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 2-3$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	315	210.00	210.00
2	—	585	185.00	185.00
1	—	735	153.00	153.00
2	—	445	210.00	210.00
1	—	675	171.00	171.00
1	—	520	190.00	190.00
5	—	379	210.00	210.00
3	—	635	180.00–181.00	180.34

Slaughter Cattle

As reported

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Select and Choice$ per cwt · actual wt
3	—	1,278	140.00–143.00	140.87

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Select and Choice$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	1,135	120.00	120.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Lean 85-90%$ per cwt · actual wt
2	—	970	64.50–67.50	66.00
1	—	990	86.50	86.50
4	—	941	71.00–78.00	73.69

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Breaker 75-80%$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	1,530	85.00	85.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Boner 80-85%$ per cwt · actual wt
14	—	1,167	90.00–98.50	94.63
4	—	1,131	84.00–87.50	85.72
5	—	1,265	99.50–102.00	100.78

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls$ per cwt · actual wt
3	—	1,530	109.00–113.50	110.89
6	—	1,405	119.00–126.00	122.39

Replacement Cattle

As reported

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Stock Cows — Medium and Large 1-2$ per cwt · actual wt
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	Open	1	—	980	90.50	90.50

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cow-Calf Pairs — Medium and Large 1-2$ per head · actual wt
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	Open	2	—	798	610.00–770.00	696.27

Head, weight ranges, average weights and price ranges are exactly as USDA AMS filed them — nothing recomputed, nothing rounded — in USDA's own reporting structure. This is RaisedBeef's rendering of that data, not a copy of USDA's document.