Sale reports / Pennsylvania / Middleburg / 2023-11-07

Middleburg

Name: Middleburg livestock auction prices — 2023-11-07
Creator: RaisedBeef
Published: 2023-11-07

Feeder Cattle · Slaughter Cattle · Feeder Dairy Calves · Middleburg, Pennsylvania · Tue, Nov 7

● Final109 lots reportedUSDA AMS · slug 1918

← Oct 31Nov 7Nov 14 →

Feeder Cattle receipts

104 head

▼ 4 vs last sale 108▼ 18 vs year ago 122 · −14.8%

Slaughter Cattle receipts

283 head

▼ 40 vs last sale 323▲ 45 vs year ago 238 · +18.9%

Feeder Dairy Calves receipts

148 head

▲ 7 vs last sale 141▲ 35 vs year ago 113 · +31.0%

View

Reporter comment USDA

As filed

Compared to last week's weighted average prices slaughter steers averaged 2.81 lower, slaughter holsteins averaged 2.51 lower and slaughter heifers averaged 2.33 lower. Slaughter breaker cows averaged 3.35 lower, slaughter boners averaged .12 higher and slaughter lean cows averaged 3.24 lower. Holstein bull calves over 95 pounds averaged 2.91 higher and under 95 pounds averaged 45.42 higher.

Weight class — the figures below change to match

Weight classPick one — the panels below update

Heifers · summary 0–100 lb

Weighted average of every reported lot

0–100 lb heifers averaged $132.08/cwt on 28 head. That ranks 1 of 33 comparable sales and sits −789.59 against this barn's trailing median of $921.68.

Average price

$132.08

28 head · 568 lb average

Value per head Derived

$751

Price × average weight ÷ 100

Grade differential Derived

—

single grade reported

vs the market

−62.20

vs PA average

Price by quality 0–100 lb

Frame and muscle grade

Frame / muscle	Avg wt	$/cwt	$/head	Head
Medium and Large 2	568	132.08	751	28

Only one grade was reported at this weight, so there is no spread to compute.

How it compared 0–100 lb

Same class and week · spot auction only

This sale28 hd

132.08

—

PA average6 barns · 549 hd

194.28

−62.20

This barn, trailing median33 sales

921.68

−789.59

A barn can sit above the state average at one weight and below it at another — check the class you actually sell.

This barn's trailing prices 0–100 lb

33 sales

Heifers 0–100 lb: high $1,625.53, low $570.37, median $921.68 across 33 sales. Sales under 10 head in this class are excluded, so a thin day cannot swing the median or the ranking.

Slaughter cattle

By class and quality grade · $/cwt

Cull cows and bulls are graded, not weight-classed — grade is what moves the money here.

Class	Grade	Dressing	Avg wt	$/cwt	$/head	Head
Bulls	—	Low	1,771	110.59	1,958	20
Cows	Premium White 65-75%	Average	1,695	92.19	1,563	17
Cows	Breaker 75-80%	Average	1,561	85.60	1,336	19
Cows	Boner 80-85%	High	1,416	82.78	1,172	18
Cows	Lean 85-90%	Low	1,246	66.78	832	22
Dairy Heifers	Select	Average	1,510	113.00	1,706	1thin
Dairy Steers	Choice and Prime	Average	1,548	152.82	2,366	2thin
Dairy Steers	Choice	Average	1,463	142.96	2,092	6thin
Dairy Steers	Select	Average	1,402	122.54	1,718	3thin
Heifers	Choice and Prime	Average	1,408	183.33	2,581	3thin
Heifers	Choice	Average	1,347	172.99	2,330	6thin
Heifers	Select	Average	1,258	158.07	1,988	7thin
Steers	Choice and Prime	Average	1,488	190.16	2,830	11
Steers	Choice	Average	1,417	177.99	2,522	18
Steers	Select	Average	1,363	154.57	2,106	12

Feeder Dairy Calves

6 reported groups

Class	Grade	Avg wt	Price	Head
Bulls	Number 1	102	455.68/cwt	44
Bulls	Number 2	92	370.88/cwt	20
Bulls	Number 3	88	286.16/cwt	17
Bulls	Utility	77	100.00/cwt	5
Heifers	Number 1	99	451.04/cwt	13
Heifers	Number 2	88	341.00/cwt	5

Every lot

109 lots · USDA AMS · Middleburg Livestock Auction - Middleburg, PA

Nothing removed and nothing rounded — the same lots as the USDA report, with per-head values added. Grouped by class and set lightest first; USDA files them in sale-ring order.

Class	Weight	Grade / description	Avg wt	Price	Range	Per head	Head
Feeder Cattle · Steers6 lots · lightest first
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2	260	160.00/cwt	160.00–160.00	416	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2	510	165.00/cwt	165.00–165.00	842	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2	555	165.00/cwt	165.00–165.00	916	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	560	182.00/cwt	182.00–182.00	1,019	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2	645	115.00/cwt	115.00–115.00	742	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2	945	142.00/cwt	142.00–142.00	1,342	1
Feeder Cattle · Heifers12 lots · lightest first
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	283	150.19/cwt	135.00–155.00	425	7
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	325	138.33/cwt	130.00–155.00	450	3
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	355	135.00/cwt	135.00–135.00	479	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	475	145.00/cwt	145.00–145.00	689	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	526	121.37/cwt	105.00–137.00	638	4
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	565	125.00/cwt	125.00–125.00	706	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	670	95.00/cwt	95.00–95.00	637	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	790	135.00/cwt	135.00–135.00	1,067	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	814	131.91/cwt	115.00–140.00	1,074	5
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	925	135.00/cwt	135.00–135.00	1,249	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	985	107.00/cwt	107.00–107.00	1,054	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	1,008	105.00/cwt	105.00–105.00	1,058	2
Feeder Cattle · Bulls17 lots · lightest first
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	220	125.00/cwt	125.00–125.00	275	1
Bulls	—	Large 3	275	137.00/cwt	137.00–137.00	377	1
Bulls	—	Large 3	325	125.00/cwt	125.00–125.00	406	1
Bulls	—	Large 3	367	95.00/cwt	95.00–95.00	349	2
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	375	140.00/cwt	140.00–140.00	525	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	418	132.43/cwt	130.00–135.00	554	2
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	470	127.00/cwt	127.00–127.00	597	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	515	131.12/cwt	120.00–145.00	675	4
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	578	111.50/cwt	100.00–125.00	644	3
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	625	132.00/cwt	132.00–132.00	825	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	683	118.34/cwt	110.00–127.00	808	2
Bulls	—	Large 3	710	95.00/cwt	95.00–95.00	675	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	715	102.00/cwt	102.00–102.00	729	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	855	95.00/cwt	95.00–95.00	812	1
Bulls	—	Large 3	855	90.00/cwt	90.00–90.00	770	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	1,000	105.00/cwt	90.00–120.00	1,050	2
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	1,142	125.00/cwt	125.00–125.00	1,428	2
Feeder Cattle · Dairy Steers4 lots · lightest first
Dairy Steers	—	Large 3	498	100.00/cwt	92.00–112.00	498	5
Dairy Steers	—	Large 3	670	82.00/cwt	82.00–82.00	549	1
Dairy Steers	—	Large 3	785	80.00/cwt	80.00–80.00	628	1
Dairy Steers	—	Large 3	850	95.00/cwt	95.00–95.00	808	1
Feeder Cattle · Dairy Heifers5 lots · lightest first
Dairy Heifers	—	Large 3	375	100.00/cwt	100.00–100.00	375	1
Dairy Heifers	—	Large 3	550	92.00/cwt	92.00–92.00	506	1
Dairy Heifers	—	Large 3	795	65.00/cwt	65.00–65.00	517	1
Dairy Heifers	—	Large 3	863	88.97/cwt	80.00–107.00	768	3
Dairy Heifers	—	Large 3	1,015	90.00/cwt	90.00–90.00	914	1
Slaughter Cattle · Steers4 lots · lightest first
Steers	—	SelectReturn to Feed	1,217	140.57/cwt	112.00–155.00	1,711	3
Steers	—	Select	1,411	159.23/cwt	146.00–167.00	2,247	9
Steers	—	Choice	1,417	177.99/cwt	168.00–188.00	2,522	18
Steers	—	Choice and Prime	1,488	190.16/cwt	187.00–195.00	2,830	11
Slaughter Cattle · Heifers4 lots · lightest first
Heifers	—	Select	1,253	158.75/cwt	147.00–168.00	1,989	6
Heifers	—	SelectReturn to Feed	1,285	154.00/cwt	154.00–154.00	1,979	1
Heifers	—	Choice	1,347	172.99/cwt	166.00–178.00	2,330	6
Heifers	—	Choice and Prime	1,408	183.33/cwt	182.00–185.00	2,581	3
Slaughter Cattle · Bulls2 lots · lightest first
Bulls	—	—	1,005	74.00/cwt	74.00–74.00	744	1
Bulls	—	—	1,811	112.52/cwt	80.00–138.00	2,038	19
Slaughter Cattle · Cows6 lots · lightest first
Cows	—	Lean 85-90%	1,229	58.32/cwt	50.00–62.00	717	8
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%	1,243	89.02/cwt	88.00–90.00	1,107	2
Cows	—	Lean 85-90%	1,255	71.62/cwt	60.00–79.00	899	14
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%	1,438	82.00/cwt	75.00–88.00	1,179	16
Cows	—	Breaker 75-80%	1,561	85.60/cwt	82.00–90.00	1,336	19
Cows	—	Premium White 65-75%	1,695	92.19/cwt	88.00–96.00	1,563	17
Slaughter Cattle · Dairy Steers3 lots · lightest first
Dairy Steers	—	Select	1,402	122.54/cwt	114.00–136.00	1,718	3
Dairy Steers	—	Choice	1,463	142.96/cwt	138.00–149.00	2,092	6
Dairy Steers	—	Choice and Prime	1,548	152.82/cwt	151.00–155.00	2,366	2
Slaughter Cattle · Dairy Heifers1 lot · lightest first
Dairy Heifers	—	Select	1,510	113.00/cwt	113.00–113.00	1,706	1
Feeder Dairy Calves · Heifers13 lots · lightest first
Heifers	—	Number 2	65	125.00/cwt	125.00–125.00	81	1
Heifers	—	Number 1Crossbred	80	475.00/cwt	475.00–475.00	380	1
Heifers	—	Number 1Beef Cross	85	575.00/cwt	575.00–575.00	489	1
Heifers	—	Number 2Beef Cross	85	560.00/cwt	560.00–560.00	476	1
Heifers	—	Number 1	85	160.00/cwt	135.00–185.00	136	2
Heifers	—	Number 2Crossbred	90	410.00/cwt	410.00–410.00	369	1
Heifers	—	Number 1	90	175.00/cwt	175.00–175.00	158	1
Heifers	—	Number 2	90	125.00/cwt	125.00–125.00	113	1
Heifers	—	Number 1Crossbred	100	450.00/cwt	450.00–450.00	450	1
Heifers	—	Number 1Beef Cross	101	593.52/cwt	575.00–600.00	599	4
Heifers	—	Number 2Crossbred	110	485.00/cwt	485.00–485.00	534	1
Heifers	—	Number 1Beef Cross	115	550.00/cwt	550.00–550.00	633	1
Heifers	—	Number 1Beef Cross	123	472.24/cwt	460.00–485.00	581	2
Feeder Dairy Calves · Bulls32 lots · lightest first
Bulls	—	Utility	65	112.50/cwt	100.00–125.00	73	2
Bulls	—	Number 3	65	75.00/cwt	75.00–75.00	49	1
Bulls	—	Utility	70	75.00/cwt	75.00–75.00	53	1
Bulls	—	Number 2	73	318.62/cwt	285.00–350.00	233	2
Bulls	—	Number 1Beef Cross	75	725.00/cwt	725.00–725.00	544	1
Bulls	—	Number 3	75	325.00/cwt	325.00–325.00	244	1
Bulls	—	Number 3Crossbred	75	150.00/cwt	150.00–150.00	113	1
Bulls	—	Utility	80	100.00/cwt	100.00–100.00	80	1
Bulls	—	Number 2	81	381.05/cwt	360.00–415.00	309	7
Bulls	—	Number 3	82	264.29/cwt	150.00–325.00	217	3
Bulls	—	Number 1Beef Cross	83	600.76/cwt	575.00–625.00	499	2
Bulls	—	Number 3Beef Cross	85	225.00/cwt	225.00–225.00	191	1
Bulls	—	Number 1Beef Cross	90	622.50/cwt	610.00–635.00	560	2
Bulls	—	Number 3Beef Cross	90	350.00/cwt	350.00–350.00	315	1
Bulls	—	Number 2	92	337.55/cwt	300.00–385.00	311	3
Bulls	—	Number 1	93	398.87/cwt	375.00–410.00	371	10
Bulls	—	Number 3	93	353.38/cwt	285.00–385.00	329	7
Bulls	—	Number 2Crossbred	95	575.00/cwt	575.00–575.00	546	1
Bulls	—	Number 1Crossbred	102	378.85/cwt	210.00–485.00	386	3
Bulls	—	Number 1	103	385.49/cwt	360.00–400.00	397	10
Bulls	—	Number 2	103	363.84/cwt	335.00–385.00	375	4
Bulls	—	Number 3	103	236.59/cwt	200.00–275.00	244	2
Bulls	—	Number 1Beef Cross	105	620.00/cwt	610.00–625.00	651	3
Bulls	—	Utility	105	100.00/cwt	100.00–100.00	105	1
Bulls	—	Number 1Crossbred	110	550.00/cwt	550.00–550.00	605	1
Bulls	—	Number 1	110	371.00/cwt	360.00–375.00	408	5
Bulls	—	Number 2	110	360.00/cwt	360.00–360.00	396	2
Bulls	—	Number 1Beef Cross	113	568.46/cwt	560.00–585.00	642	3
Bulls	—	Number 2	120	350.00/cwt	350.00–350.00	420	1
Bulls	—	Number 1	120	335.00/cwt	335.00–335.00	402	1
Bulls	—	Number 1Beef Cross	123	533.98/cwt	485.00–585.00	657	2
Bulls	—	Number 1Beef Cross	130	525.00/cwt	525.00–525.00	683	1

This sale against other markets

Pennsylvania weighted averages

One sale is one barn on one day. The state ladder is every Pennsylvania auction USDA reported that week, weighted by head — the fairer test of whether a lot sold well.

Pennsylvania feeder prices, every weight →Every state and region →

Middleburg Livestock Auction - Middleburg, PA

Tue Nov 7, 2023

USDA Livestock, Poultry & Grain Market News · Federal-State Market News Service, New Holland, PA (LS-LN)

Feeder CattleReceipts 104Last week 108Year ago 122

Slaughter CattleReceipts 283Last week 323Year ago 238

Feeder Dairy CalvesReceipts 148Last week 141Year ago 113

Feeder Dairy Calves

As reported

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Number 2$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	65	125.00	125.00
1	—	90	125.00	125.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Number 1$ per cwt · actual wt
2	—	85	135.00–185.00	160.00
1	—	90	175.00	175.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Number 2 · Crossbred$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	110	485.00	485.00
1	—	90	410.00	410.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Number 1 · Crossbred$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	100	450.00	450.00
1	—	80	475.00	475.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Number 1 · Beef Cross$ per cwt · actual wt
4	—	101	575.00–600.00	593.52
2	—	123	460.00–485.00	472.24
1	—	115	550.00	550.00
1	—	85	575.00	575.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Number 2 · Beef Cross$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	85	560.00	560.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Number 3$ per cwt · actual wt
7	—	93	285.00–385.00	353.38
2	—	103	200.00–275.00	236.59
3	—	82	150.00–325.00	264.29
1	—	65	75.00	75.00
1	—	75	325.00	325.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Number 1$ per cwt · actual wt
5	—	110	360.00–375.00	371.00
10	—	103	360.00–400.00	385.49
1	—	120	335.00	335.00
10	—	93	375.00–410.00	398.87

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Number 2$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	120	350.00	350.00
4	—	103	335.00–385.00	363.84
2	—	110	360.00	360.00
3	—	92	300.00–385.00	337.55
7	—	81	360.00–415.00	381.05
2	—	73	285.00–350.00	318.62

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Number 1 · Beef Cross$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	130	525.00	525.00
1	—	75	725.00	725.00
3	—	105	610.00–625.00	620.00
2	—	123	485.00–585.00	533.98
2	—	83	575.00–625.00	600.76
3	—	113	560.00–585.00	568.46
2	—	90	610.00–635.00	622.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Number 3 · Beef Cross$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	85	225.00	225.00
1	—	90	350.00	350.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Number 3 · Crossbred$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	75	150.00	150.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Number 1 · Crossbred$ per cwt · actual wt
3	—	102	210.00–485.00	378.85
1	—	110	550.00	550.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Utility$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	70	75.00	75.00
1	—	105	100.00	100.00
2	—	65	100.00–125.00	112.50
1	—	80	100.00	100.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Number 2 · Crossbred$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	95	575.00	575.00

Slaughter Cattle

As reported

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Choice and Prime$ per cwt · actual wt
3	—	1,408	182.00–185.00	183.33

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Choice$ per cwt · actual wt
6	—	1,347	166.00–178.00	172.99

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Select · Return to Feed$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	1,285	154.00	154.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Select$ per cwt · actual wt
6	—	1,253	147.00–168.00	158.75

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Premium White 65-75%$ per cwt · actual wt
17	—	1,695	88.00–96.00	92.19

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Lean 85-90%$ per cwt · actual wt
8	—	1,229	50.00–62.00	58.32
14	—	1,255	60.00–79.00	71.62

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Boner 80-85%$ per cwt · actual wt
2	—	1,243	88.00–90.00	89.02
16	—	1,438	75.00–88.00	82.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Breaker 75-80%$ per cwt · actual wt
19	—	1,561	82.00–90.00	85.60

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Dairy Steers — Choice and Prime$ per cwt · actual wt
2	—	1,548	151.00–155.00	152.82

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Dairy Steers — Choice$ per cwt · actual wt
6	—	1,463	138.00–149.00	142.96

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Dairy Steers — Select$ per cwt · actual wt
3	—	1,402	114.00–136.00	122.54

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Dairy Heifers — Select$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	1,510	113.00	113.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Choice and Prime$ per cwt · actual wt
11	—	1,488	187.00–195.00	190.16

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Choice$ per cwt · actual wt
18	—	1,417	168.00–188.00	177.99

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Select · Return to Feed$ per cwt · actual wt
3	—	1,217	112.00–155.00	140.57

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Select$ per cwt · actual wt
9	—	1,411	146.00–167.00	159.23

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	1,005	74.00	74.00
19	—	1,811	80.00–138.00	112.52

Feeder Cattle

As reported

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	375	140.00	140.00
4	—	515	120.00–145.00	131.12
3	—	578	100.00–125.00	111.50
1	—	625	132.00	132.00
1	—	470	127.00	127.00
2	—	418	130.00–135.00	132.43
2	—	683	110.00–127.00	118.34
1	—	855	95.00	95.00
2	—	1,142	125.00	125.00
1	—	715	102.00	102.00
2	—	1,000	90.00–120.00	105.00
1	—	220	125.00	125.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Large 3$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	710	95.00	95.00
1	—	275	137.00	137.00
1	—	325	125.00	125.00
2	—	367	95.00	95.00
1	—	855	90.00	90.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Dairy Steers — Large 3$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	850	95.00	95.00
5	—	498	92.00–112.00	100.00
1	—	670	82.00	82.00
1	—	785	80.00	80.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Dairy Heifers — Large 3$ per cwt · actual wt
3	—	863	80.00–107.00	88.97
1	—	1,015	90.00	90.00
1	—	375	100.00	100.00
1	—	550	92.00	92.00
1	—	795	65.00	65.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	555	165.00	165.00
1	—	945	142.00	142.00
1	—	260	160.00	160.00
1	—	510	165.00	165.00
1	—	645	115.00	115.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 1$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	560	182.00	182.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	565	125.00	125.00
1	—	925	135.00	135.00
1	—	790	135.00	135.00
5	—	814	115.00–140.00	131.91
7	—	283	135.00–155.00	150.19
2	—	1,008	105.00	105.00
1	—	985	107.00	107.00
3	—	325	130.00–155.00	138.33
4	—	526	105.00–137.00	121.37
1	—	355	135.00	135.00
1	—	475	145.00	145.00
1	—	670	95.00	95.00

Head, weight ranges, average weights and price ranges are exactly as USDA AMS filed them — nothing recomputed, nothing rounded — in USDA's own reporting structure. This is RaisedBeef's rendering of that data, not a copy of USDA's document.