Sale reports / Tennessee / Knoxville Livestock Auction - Knoxville, TN / 2024-09-10

Knoxville Livestock Auction - Knoxville, TN

Name: Knoxville Livestock Auction - Knoxville, TN livestock auction prices — 2024-09-10
Creator: RaisedBeef
Published: 2024-09-10

Feeder Cattle · Slaughter Cattle · Replacement Cattle · Knoxville, Tennessee · Tue, Sep 10

● Final86 lots reportedUSDA AMS · slug 2066

← Sep 3Sep 10Sep 17 →

Feeder Cattle receipts

1,279 head

▲ 701 vs last sale 578▲ 148 vs year ago 1,131 · +13.1%

Slaughter Cattle receipts

121 head

▲ 43 vs last sale 78▼ 83 vs year ago 204 · −40.7%

Replacement Cattle receipts

51 head

▲ 39 vs last sale 12▲ 24 vs year ago 27 · +88.9%

View

Reporter comment USDA

As filed

Compared to last week, on a much heavier test this week, feeder heifers and bulls sharply lower overall, with no comparisons available for feeder steers due to limited comparable receipts from last week, but a lower undertone was noted. Slaughter cows gauging 1.00 to 4.00 lower overall with slaughter bulls steady. Today's offerings included the following load lots: 1 load ML 1 Steers, 741 lbs., $245.00 per cwt., medium flesh, mostly black/bwf and 1 load ML 1 Heifers, 543 lbs., $256.50 per cwt., medium flesh, mostly black/bwf.

Weight class — the figures below change to match

Weight classPick one — the panels below update

Heifers · summary 500–600 lb

Weighted average of every reported lot

500–600 lb heifers averaged $243.39/cwt on 185 head. That ranks 1 of 34 comparable sales and sits −150.33 against this barn's trailing median of $393.73.

Average price

$243.39

185 head · 543 lb average

Value per head Derived

$1,321

Price × average weight ÷ 100

Grade differential Derived

$220

per head · Medium and Large 1 over Small and Medium 1

$33.75/cwt at this weight

vs the market

+15.14

vs TN average

+4.78 vs national

Price by quality 500–600 lb

Frame and muscle grade

Frame / muscle	Avg wt	$/cwt	$/head	Head
Medium and Large 1	543	243.75	1,323	183
Medium and Large 2	575	212.50	1,222	1thin
Small and Medium 1	525	210.00	1,103	1thin

One grade step is worth $33.75/cwt here — about $220 a head. Across this sale the premium is widest at 500–600 lb. USDA reports each grade on its own line and never publishes the spread.

How it compared 500–600 lb

Same class and week · spot auction only

This sale185 hd

243.39

—

TN average15 barns · 1,088 hd

228.26

+15.14

National average182 barns · 14,937 hd

238.61

+4.78

This barn, trailing median34 sales

393.73

−150.33

A barn can sit above the state average at one weight and below it at another — check the class you actually sell.

This barn's trailing prices 500–600 lb

34 sales

Heifers 500–600 lb: high $422.87, low $321.98, median $393.73 across 34 sales. Sales under 10 head in this class are excluded, so a thin day cannot swing the median or the ranking.

Slaughter cattle

By class and quality grade · $/cwt

Cull cows and bulls are graded, not weight-classed — grade is what moves the money here.

Class	Grade	Dressing	Avg wt	$/cwt	$/head	Head
Bulls	—	Average	1,784	163.56	2,919	11
Cows	Breaker 75-80%	Average	1,493	131.46	1,962	15
Cows	Boner 80-85%	Low	1,199	129.76	1,555	33
Cows	Lean 85-90%	Low	1,014	117.89	1,195	11
Dairy Cows	Boner 80-85%	Average	1,220	122.50	1,495	1thin

Replacement cattle Per head

By class, stage and age

Bred stock and pairs are reported per head, not per hundredweight — these prices are never mixed with the $/cwt figures above.

Class	Stage	Age	Avg wt	$/head	Head
Bred Cows	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	Aged (>8 yrs)	1,432	$1,821	3thin
Bred Cows	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	1,159	$1,756	4thin
Bred Cows	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	1,155	$1,751	2thin
Bred Cows	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	Aged (>8 yrs)	1,342	$1,670	3thin
Bred Cows	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	Young (2-4 yrs)	1,123	$1,657	4thin
Bred Cows	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	1,201	$1,648	5
Bred Cows	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	Young (2-4 yrs)	960	$1,625	2thin
Bred Heifers	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	Young (2-4 yrs)	1,055	$1,700	1thin
Bred Heifers	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	(<2 yrs)	1,118	$1,579	2thin
Bred Heifers	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	Young (2-4 yrs)	853	$1,550	2thin
Bred Heifers	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	Young (2-4 yrs)	995	$1,525	1thin
Cow-Calf Pairs	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	—	$2,483	3thin
Cow-Calf Pairs	Open	Young (2-4 yrs)	—	$2,450	1thin
Cow-Calf Pairs	Open	Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	—	$2,125	2thin
Cow-Calf Pairs	Open	Aged (>8 yrs)	—	$1,925	2thin
Heifer Pairs	Open	Young (2-4 yrs)	—	$2,350	1thin
Stock Cows	Open	Young (2-4 yrs)	795	$1,100	1thin

Every lot

86 lots · USDA AMS · Knoxville Livestock Center - Knoxville, TN

Nothing removed and nothing rounded — the same lots as the USDA report, with per-head values added. Grouped by class and set lightest first; USDA files them in sale-ring order.

Class	Weight	Grade / description	Avg wt	Price	Range	Per head	Head
Feeder Cattle · Steers20 lots · lightest first
Steers	350–400	Medium and Large 1	391	291.60/cwt	290.00–315.00	1,140	14
Steers	400–450	Medium and Large 1	418	289.10/cwt	278.00–302.50	1,208	8
Steers	450–500	Medium and Large 1Value Added	456	276.27/cwt	275.00–280.00	1,260	4
Steers	450–500	Medium and Large 1	467	263.74/cwt	255.00–272.50	1,232	24
Steers	500–550	Medium and Large 1Value Added	518	292.50/cwt	292.50–292.50	1,515	5
Steers	500–550	Medium and Large 1	521	259.57/cwt	245.00–268.00	1,352	25
Steers	550–600	Medium and Large 1	569	246.43/cwt	230.00–260.00	1,402	23
Steers	550–600	Medium and Large 2Value Added	590	240.00/cwt	240.00–240.00	1,416	1
Steers	600–650	Medium and Large 1Value Added	615	270.00/cwt	270.00–270.00	1,661	1
Steers	600–650	Medium and Large 1	619	241.12/cwt	227.50–252.50	1,493	26
Steers	650–700	Medium and Large 1Value Added	660	253.91/cwt	244.00–262.00	1,676	63
Steers	650–700	Medium and Large 1	664	226.55/cwt	217.50–235.00	1,504	23
Steers	700–750	Medium and Large 1	716	216.43/cwt	210.00–222.00	1,550	16
Steers	700–750	Medium and Large 1Value Added	741	245.00/cwt	245.00–245.00	1,815	68
Steers	750–800	Medium and Large 1Value Added	755	239.00/cwt	239.00–239.00	1,804	12
Steers	750–800	Medium and Large 1	784	215.64/cwt	212.00–220.00	1,691	9
Steers	800–850	Medium and Large 2	800	180.00/cwt	180.00–180.00	1,440	1
Steers	800–850	Medium and Large 1	827	200.00/cwt	200.00–200.00	1,654	2
Steers	850–900	Medium and Large 1	855	205.00/cwt	205.00–205.00	1,753	1
Steers	850–900	Medium and Large 1Value Added	877	220.00/cwt	220.00–220.00	1,929	2
Feeder Cattle · Heifers19 lots · lightest first
Heifers	300–350	Small and Medium 1	310	227.50/cwt	227.50–227.50	705	1
Heifers	300–350	Medium and Large 1	327	254.04/cwt	247.50–267.50	831	12
Heifers	350–400	Medium and Large 1	388	248.98/cwt	240.00–257.50	966	21
Heifers	400–450	Medium and Large 2	420	221.00/cwt	220.00–222.00	928	2
Heifers	400–450	Medium and Large 1	428	240.99/cwt	230.00–250.00	1,031	54
Heifers	450–500	Medium and Large 1Value Added	456	261.26/cwt	250.00–265.00	1,191	4
Heifers	450–500	Medium and Large 2	470	220.00/cwt	220.00–220.00	1,034	1
Heifers	450–500	Medium and Large 1	478	237.64/cwt	230.00–245.00	1,136	46
Heifers	500–550	Medium and Large 1	520	231.40/cwt	222.00–237.50	1,203	44
Heifers	500–550	Small and Medium 1	525	210.00/cwt	210.00–210.00	1,103	1
Heifers	500–550	Medium and Large 1Value Added	540	254.90/cwt	239.00–260.00	1,376	106
Heifers	550–600	Medium and Large 2	575	212.50/cwt	212.50–212.50	1,222	1
Heifers	550–600	Medium and Large 1	581	224.38/cwt	216.00–229.00	1,304	33
Heifers	600–650	Medium and Large 1	619	217.93/cwt	212.50–222.00	1,349	20
Heifers	600–650	Medium and Large 1Value Added	639	231.89/cwt	224.00–240.00	1,482	12
Heifers	650–700	Medium and Large 1	661	213.42/cwt	210.00–217.50	1,411	11
Heifers	650–700	Medium and Large 1Fleshy	698	200.00/cwt	200.00–200.00	1,396	3
Heifers	700–750	Medium and Large 1	723	188.43/cwt	180.00–200.00	1,362	7
Heifers	750–800	Medium and Large 1	760	184.97/cwt	180.00–190.00	1,406	2
Feeder Cattle · Bulls18 lots · lightest first
Bulls	250–300	Medium and Large 1	270	278.36/cwt	270.00–285.00	752	3
Bulls	300–350	Medium and Large 1	309	267.80/cwt	262.50–277.50	828	11
Bulls	350–400	Medium and Large 1	367	302.21/cwt	287.50–315.00	1,109	8
Bulls	350–400	Small and Medium 1	383	254.84/cwt	250.00–260.00	976	2
Bulls	350–400	Medium and Large 2	397	270.00/cwt	270.00–270.00	1,072	2
Bulls	400–450	Medium and Large 1Fancy	408	294.15/cwt	290.00–300.00	1,200	3
Bulls	400–450	Medium and Large 1	419	264.49/cwt	250.00–275.00	1,108	22
Bulls	450–500	Medium and Large 1Fancy	450	285.00/cwt	285.00–285.00	1,283	1
Bulls	450–500	Medium and Large 1	468	259.48/cwt	245.00–270.00	1,214	22
Bulls	500–550	Medium and Large 1Fancy	505	265.00/cwt	265.00–265.00	1,338	4
Bulls	500–550	Medium and Large 1	517	248.28/cwt	240.00–257.50	1,284	21
Bulls	500–550	Small and Medium 1	530	225.00/cwt	225.00–225.00	1,193	1
Bulls	500–550	Medium and Large 1Full	545	222.50/cwt	222.50–222.50	1,213	1
Bulls	550–600	Medium and Large 1Fancy	550	257.50/cwt	257.50–257.50	1,416	1
Bulls	550–600	Medium and Large 1	574	239.96/cwt	225.00–250.00	1,377	26
Bulls	600–650	Medium and Large 1	612	228.71/cwt	220.00–235.00	1,400	18
Bulls	650–700	Medium and Large 1	661	220.20/cwt	215.00–224.00	1,456	7
Bulls	700–750	Medium and Large 1	713	208.18/cwt	200.00–210.00	1,484	6
Slaughter Cattle · Bulls2 lots · lightest first
Bulls	—	—	1,776	159.59/cwt	152.00–165.00	2,834	7
Bulls	—	—	1,799	170.52/cwt	169.00–172.00	3,068	4
Slaughter Cattle · Cows8 lots · lightest first
Cows	—	Lean 85-90%	1,000	118.88/cwt	111.00–124.50	1,189	10
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%	1,113	119.02/cwt	118.00–120.00	1,325	2
Cows	—	Lean 85-90%	1,150	108.00/cwt	108.00–108.00	1,242	1
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%	1,179	128.12/cwt	122.00–138.00	1,511	26
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%	1,335	142.59/cwt	139.00–148.50	1,904	5
Cows	—	Breaker 75-80%	1,350	120.27/cwt	120.00–120.50	1,624	2
Cows	—	Breaker 75-80%	1,482	129.79/cwt	123.00–139.00	1,923	10
Cows	—	Breaker 75-80%	1,623	144.48/cwt	144.00–145.00	2,345	3
Slaughter Cattle · Dairy Cows1 lot · lightest first
Dairy Cows	—	Boner 80-85%	1,220	122.50/cwt	122.50–122.50	1,495	1
Replacement Cattle · Bred Cows7 lots · lightest first
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	960	1,624.61/head	1,425.00–1,775.00	1,625	2
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,123	1,656.56/head	1,550.00–1,775.00	1,657	4
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,155	1,750.87/head	1,700.00–1,800.00	1,751	2
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,159	1,756.34/head	1,500.00–1,925.00	1,756	4
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,201	1,647.57/head	1,490.00–1,850.00	1,648	5
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,342	1,670.43/head	1,650.00–1,700.00	1,670	3
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,432	1,820.79/head	1,710.00–1,900.00	1,821	3
Replacement Cattle · Heifer Pairs1 lot · lightest first
Heifer Pairs	—	Medium and Large 1-2	—	2,350.00/head	2,350.00–2,350.00	2,350	1
Replacement Cattle · Bred Heifers4 lots · lightest first
Bred Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	853	1,550.00/head	1,550.00–1,550.00	1,550	2
Bred Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	995	1,525.00/head	1,525.00–1,525.00	1,525	1
Bred Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,055	1,700.00/head	1,700.00–1,700.00	1,700	1
Bred Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,118	1,578.86/head	1,500.00–1,650.00	1,579	2
Replacement Cattle · Cow-Calf Pairs5 lots · lightest first
Cow-Calf Pairs	—	Medium and Large 1-2	—	2,500.00/head	2,500.00–2,500.00	2,500	2
Cow-Calf Pairs	—	Medium and Large 1-2	—	2,450.00/head	2,450.00–2,450.00	2,450	1
Cow-Calf Pairs	—	Medium and Large 1-2	—	2,450.00/head	2,450.00–2,450.00	2,450	1
Cow-Calf Pairs	—	Medium and Large 1-2	—	2,125.00/head	2,025.00–2,225.00	2,125	2
Cow-Calf Pairs	—	Medium and Large 1-2	—	1,925.00/head	1,825.00–2,025.00	1,925	2
Replacement Cattle · Stock Cows1 lot · lightest first
Stock Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	795	1,100.00/head	1,100.00–1,100.00	1,100	1

This sale against other markets

Tennessee weighted averages

One sale is one barn on one day. The state ladder is every Tennessee auction USDA reported that week, weighted by head — the fairer test of whether a lot sold well.

Tennessee feeder prices, every weight →Every state and region →

Knoxville Livestock Center - Knoxville, TN

Tue Sep 10, 2024

USDA Livestock, Poultry & Grain Market News · Federal-State Market News Service, Nashville, TN (LS-NV)

Feeder CattleReceipts 1,279Last week 578Year ago 1,131

Slaughter CattleReceipts 121Last week 78Year ago 204

Replacement CattleReceipts 51Last week 12Year ago 27

Feeder Cattle

As reported

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 1$ per cwt · actual wt
12	300–350	327	247.50–267.50	254.04
21	350–400	388	240.00–257.50	248.98
54	400–450	428	230.00–250.00	240.99
46	450–500	478	230.00–245.00	237.64
44	500–550	520	222.00–237.50	231.40
33	550–600	581	216.00–229.00	224.38
20	600–650	619	212.50–222.00	217.93
11	650–700	661	210.00–217.50	213.42
7	700–750	723	180.00–200.00	188.43
2	750–800	760	180.00–190.00	184.97

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Small and Medium 1$ per cwt · actual wt
1	300–350	310	227.50	227.50
1	500–550	525	210.00	210.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 1 · Value Added$ per cwt · actual wt
4	450–500	456	250.00–265.00	261.26
106	500–550	540	239.00–260.00	254.90
12	600–650	639	224.00–240.00	231.89

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
2	400–450	420	220.00–222.00	221.00
1	450–500	470	220.00	220.00
1	550–600	575	212.50	212.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 1 · Fleshy$ per cwt · actual wt
3	650–700	698	200.00	200.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 1$ per cwt · actual wt
3	250–300	270	270.00–285.00	278.36
11	300–350	309	262.50–277.50	267.80
8	350–400	367	287.50–315.00	302.21
22	400–450	419	250.00–275.00	264.49
22	450–500	468	245.00–270.00	259.48
21	500–550	517	240.00–257.50	248.28
26	550–600	574	225.00–250.00	239.96
18	600–650	612	220.00–235.00	228.71
7	650–700	661	215.00–224.00	220.20
6	700–750	713	200.00–210.00	208.18

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 1 · Full$ per cwt · actual wt
1	500–550	545	222.50	222.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 1 · Fancy$ per cwt · actual wt
3	400–450	408	290.00–300.00	294.15
1	450–500	450	285.00	285.00
4	500–550	505	265.00	265.00
1	550–600	550	257.50	257.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
2	350–400	397	270.00	270.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Small and Medium 1$ per cwt · actual wt
2	350–400	383	250.00–260.00	254.84
1	500–550	530	225.00	225.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 1 · Value Added$ per cwt · actual wt
4	450–500	456	275.00–280.00	276.27
5	500–550	518	292.50	292.50
1	600–650	615	270.00	270.00
63	650–700	660	244.00–262.00	253.91
68	700–750	741	245.00	245.00
12	750–800	755	239.00	239.00
2	850–900	877	220.00	220.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 1$ per cwt · actual wt
14	350–400	391	290.00–315.00	291.60
8	400–450	418	278.00–302.50	289.10
24	450–500	467	255.00–272.50	263.74
25	500–550	521	245.00–268.00	259.57
23	550–600	569	230.00–260.00	246.43
26	600–650	619	227.50–252.50	241.12
23	650–700	664	217.50–235.00	226.55
16	700–750	716	210.00–222.00	216.43
9	750–800	784	212.00–220.00	215.64
2	800–850	827	200.00	200.00
1	850–900	855	205.00	205.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 2 · Value Added$ per cwt · actual wt
1	550–600	590	240.00	240.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
1	800–850	800	180.00	180.00

Slaughter Cattle

As reported

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Dairy Cows — Boner 80-85%$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	1,220	122.50	122.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Boner 80-85%$ per cwt · actual wt
2	—	1,113	118.00–120.00	119.02
26	—	1,179	122.00–138.00	128.12
5	—	1,335	139.00–148.50	142.59

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Lean 85-90%$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	1,150	108.00	108.00
10	—	1,000	111.00–124.50	118.88

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Breaker 75-80%$ per cwt · actual wt
10	—	1,482	123.00–139.00	129.79
2	—	1,350	120.00–120.50	120.27
3	—	1,623	144.00–145.00	144.48

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls$ per cwt · actual wt
7	—	1,776	152.00–165.00	159.59
4	—	1,799	169.00–172.00	170.52

Replacement Cattle

As reported

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bred Cows — Medium and Large 1-2$ per head · actual wt
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	2	—	1,155	1,700.00–1,800.00	1,750.87
Aged (>8 yrs)	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	3	—	1,342	1,650.00–1,700.00	1,670.43
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	4	—	1,159	1,500.00–1,925.00	1,756.34
Aged (>8 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	3	—	1,432	1,710.00–1,900.00	1,820.79
Young (2-4 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	2	—	960	1,425.00–1,775.00	1,624.61
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	5	—	1,201	1,490.00–1,850.00	1,647.57
Young (2-4 yrs)	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	4	—	1,123	1,550.00–1,775.00	1,656.56

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifer Pairs — Medium and Large 1-2$ per head · n/c wt
Young (2-4 yrs)	Open	1	—	—	2,350.00	2,350.00

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bred Heifers — Medium and Large 1-2$ per head · actual wt
Young (2-4 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	1	—	1,055	1,700.00	1,700.00
Young (2-4 yrs)	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	2	—	853	1,550.00	1,550.00
Young (2-4 yrs)	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	1	—	995	1,525.00	1,525.00
(<2 yrs)	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	2	—	1,118	1,500.00–1,650.00	1,578.86

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cow-Calf Pairs — Medium and Large 1-2$ per head · n/c wt
Young (2-4 yrs)	Open	1	—	—	2,450.00	2,450.00
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	Open	2	—	—	2,025.00–2,225.00	2,125.00
Aged (>8 yrs)	Open	2	—	—	1,825.00–2,025.00	1,925.00
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	1	—	—	2,450.00	2,450.00
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	2	—	—	2,500.00	2,500.00

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Stock Cows — Medium and Large 1-2$ per head · actual wt
Young (2-4 yrs)	Open	1	—	795	1,100.00	1,100.00

Head, weight ranges, average weights and price ranges are exactly as USDA AMS filed them — nothing recomputed, nothing rounded — in USDA's own reporting structure. This is RaisedBeef's rendering of that data, not a copy of USDA's document.