Sale reports / Tennessee / Pulaski Livestock Auction - Pulaski, TN / 2025-02-04

Pulaski Livestock Auction - Pulaski, TN

Name: Pulaski Livestock Auction - Pulaski, TN livestock auction prices — 2025-02-04
Creator: RaisedBeef
Published: 2025-02-04

Feeder Cattle · Slaughter Cattle · Replacement Cattle · Pulaski, Tennessee · Tue, Feb 4

● Final98 lots reportedUSDA AMS · slug 2080

← Jan 28Feb 4Feb 11 →

Feeder Cattle receipts

303 head

▼ 199 vs last sale 502▼ 439 vs year ago 742 · −59.2%

Slaughter Cattle receipts

77 head

▲ 1 vs last sale 76▲ 11 vs year ago 66 · +16.7%

Replacement Cattle receipts

73 head

▲ 45 vs last sale 28▲ 47 vs year ago 26 · +180.8%

View

Reporter comment USDA

As filed

Compared to last week , slaughter Cows mostly steady. Slaughter Bulls steady. Feeder Steers and Bulls 8.00 to 17.00 lower. Feeder Heifers steady to 7.00 lower. Quality fair to good. Demand moderate.

Weight class — the figures below change to match

Weight classPick one — the panels below update

Heifers · summary 500–600 lb

Weighted average of every reported lot

500–600 lb heifers averaged $251.81/cwt on 32 head. That ranks 1 of 30 comparable sales and sits −132.31 against this barn's trailing median of $384.12.

Average price

$251.81

32 head · 542 lb average

Value per head Derived

$1,366

Price × average weight ÷ 100

Grade differential Derived

$44

per head · Medium and Large 1 over Small 1

$23.12/cwt at this weight

vs the market

−19.76

vs TN average

−47.05 vs national

Price by quality 500–600 lb

Frame and muscle grade

Frame / muscle	Avg wt	$/cwt	$/head	Head
Medium and Large 1	540	257.76	1,393	21
Medium and Large 2	523	245.27	1,282	6thin
Small 1	575	234.64	1,349	5thin

One grade step is worth $23.12/cwt here — about $44 a head. Across this sale the premium is widest at 400–500 lb. USDA reports each grade on its own line and never publishes the spread.

How it compared 500–600 lb

Same class and week · spot auction only

This sale32 hd

251.81

—

TN average13 barns · 927 hd

271.56

−19.76

National average192 barns · 21,303 hd

298.86

−47.05

This barn, trailing median30 sales

384.12

−132.31

A barn can sit above the state average at one weight and below it at another — check the class you actually sell.

This barn's trailing prices 500–600 lb

30 sales

Heifers 500–600 lb: high $420.69, low $301.40, median $384.12 across 30 sales. Sales under 10 head in this class are excluded, so a thin day cannot swing the median or the ranking.

Slaughter cattle

By class and quality grade · $/cwt

Cull cows and bulls are graded, not weight-classed — grade is what moves the money here.

Class	Grade	Dressing	Avg wt	$/cwt	$/head	Head
Bulls	—	Average	1,656	151.06	2,502	8thin
Cows	Breaker 75-80%	Average	1,526	134.68	2,055	16
Cows	Boner 80-85%	Low	1,343	133.54	1,793	21
Cows	Lean 85-90%	Low	1,115	117.99	1,315	17

Replacement cattle Per head

By class, stage and age

Bred stock and pairs are reported per head, not per hundredweight — these prices are never mixed with the $/cwt figures above.

Class	Stage	Age	Avg wt	$/head	Head
Bred Cows	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	967	$2,137	3thin
Bred Cows	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	Aged (>8 yrs)	1,250	$2,100	2thin
Bred Cows	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	1,100	$2,031	5
Bred Cows	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	1,275	$1,788	2thin
Bred Cows	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	Aged (>8 yrs)	1,194	$1,763	4thin
Bred Cows	1st/2nd Stage (1-6 mo)	Aged (>8 yrs)	1,435	$1,725	1thin
Bred Cows	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	Young (2-4 yrs)	954	$1,663	2thin
Bred Cows	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	1,061	$1,659	5
Bred Cows	1st/2nd Stage (1-6 mo)	Young (2-4 yrs)	900	$1,650	1thin
Bred Cows	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	Young (2-4 yrs)	930	$1,563	2thin
Cow-Calf Pairs	Open	Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	1,240	$2,625	1thin
Cow-Calf Pairs	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	Middle Aged/Aged (>5 yrs)	1,080	$2,525	1thin

Every lot

98 lots · USDA AMS · Pulaski Stockyard - Pulaski, TN

Nothing removed and nothing rounded — the same lots as the USDA report, with per-head values added. Grouped by class and set lightest first; USDA files them in sale-ring order.

Class	Weight	Grade / description	Avg wt	Price	Range	Per head	Head
Feeder Cattle · Steers16 lots · lightest first
Steers	250–300	Medium and Large 1	290	400.00/cwt	400.00–400.00	1,160	1
Steers	250–300	Small 1	290	325.00/cwt	325.00–325.00	943	1
Steers	300–350	Medium and Large 1	318	393.25/cwt	390.00–400.00	1,251	3
Steers	300–350	Medium and Large 2	345	337.50/cwt	320.00–355.00	1,164	2
Steers	350–400	Medium and Large 2	350	335.00/cwt	335.00–335.00	1,173	1
Steers	350–400	Medium and Large 1	355	392.50/cwt	392.50–392.50	1,393	1
Steers	400–450	Medium and Large 2	405	367.50/cwt	367.50–367.50	1,488	1
Steers	400–450	Small 1	423	315.68/cwt	302.50–330.00	1,335	2
Steers	450–500	Medium and Large 1	460	335.25/cwt	322.50–348.00	1,542	2
Steers	450–500	Medium and Large 2	478	300.32/cwt	282.50–315.00	1,436	3
Steers	500–550	Small 1	500	232.50/cwt	232.50–232.50	1,163	1
Steers	500–550	Medium and Large 1	529	297.54/cwt	282.50–313.00	1,574	8
Steers	550–600	Medium and Large 1	593	290.00/cwt	290.00–290.00	1,720	4
Steers	600–650	Medium and Large 1	624	278.34/cwt	276.00–283.00	1,737	3
Steers	650–700	Medium and Large 1	650	282.50/cwt	282.50–282.50	1,836	1
Steers	700–750	Medium and Large 1	715	260.00/cwt	260.00–260.00	1,859	1
Feeder Cattle · Heifers28 lots · lightest first
Heifers	200–250	Medium and Large 2	240	315.00/cwt	315.00–315.00	756	1
Heifers	250–300	Medium and Large 1	280	355.00/cwt	355.00–355.00	994	1
Heifers	300–350	Medium and Large 2	323	347.56/cwt	345.00–350.00	1,123	2
Heifers	300–350	Medium and Large 1	335	370.00/cwt	370.00–370.00	1,240	1
Heifers	300–350	Small 1	335	310.00/cwt	310.00–310.00	1,039	1
Heifers	350–400	Small 1	358	302.50/cwt	302.50–302.50	1,083	2
Heifers	350–400	Medium and Large 1	365	329.86/cwt	320.00–335.00	1,204	6
Heifers	350–400	Medium and Large 2	378	305.54/cwt	262.50–320.00	1,155	5
Heifers	400–450	Medium and Large 1	424	294.37/cwt	287.50–312.50	1,248	6
Heifers	400–450	Medium and Large 2	437	274.94/cwt	253.00–287.50	1,201	3
Heifers	450–500	Medium and Large 1	459	277.04/cwt	267.50–284.00	1,272	7
Heifers	450–500	Medium and Large 2	479	258.62/cwt	242.50–267.50	1,239	10
Heifers	450–500	Small 1	493	241.14/cwt	222.50–251.00	1,189	3
Heifers	500–550	Medium and Large 2	513	247.82/cwt	242.50–259.00	1,271	5
Heifers	500–550	Medium and Large 1	521	261.67/cwt	251.00–272.50	1,363	11
Heifers	500–550	Medium and Large 1Fleshy	525	243.75/cwt	242.50–245.00	1,280	2
Heifers	550–600	Medium and Large 2	570	232.50/cwt	232.50–232.50	1,325	1
Heifers	550–600	Medium and Large 1	571	255.89/cwt	252.00–267.00	1,461	8
Heifers	550–600	Small 1	575	234.64/cwt	223.00–250.00	1,349	5
Heifers	600–650	Medium and Large 2	610	230.00/cwt	230.00–230.00	1,403	1
Heifers	600–650	Medium and Large 1	625	250.15/cwt	240.00–254.00	1,563	9
Heifers	650–700	Medium and Large 2	660	231.72/cwt	230.00–235.00	1,529	3
Heifers	650–700	Medium and Large 1	663	248.69/cwt	241.00–259.00	1,649	5
Heifers	650–700	Medium and Large 1Fleshy	670	240.00/cwt	240.00–240.00	1,608	1
Heifers	700–750	Medium and Large 1	713	225.00/cwt	225.00–225.00	1,604	2
Heifers	750–800	Medium and Large 2	765	185.00/cwt	185.00–185.00	1,415	1
Heifers	750–800	Medium and Large 1Fleshy	795	221.00/cwt	221.00–221.00	1,757	1
Heifers	850–900	Medium and Large 1	850	205.00/cwt	205.00–205.00	1,743	1
Feeder Cattle · Bulls27 lots · lightest first
Bulls	300–350	Medium and Large 1	325	400.00/cwt	400.00–400.00	1,300	1
Bulls	350–400	Medium and Large 1	370	370.10/cwt	367.50–372.50	1,369	2
Bulls	350–400	Medium and Large 2	380	343.45/cwt	332.50–355.00	1,305	2
Bulls	400–450	Small 1	415	307.50/cwt	307.50–307.50	1,276	1
Bulls	400–450	Medium and Large 1	423	349.25/cwt	347.50–352.50	1,477	3
Bulls	400–450	Medium and Large 2	425	314.64/cwt	300.00–335.00	1,337	7
Bulls	450–500	Medium and Large 1	467	321.34/cwt	312.00–325.00	1,501	6
Bulls	450–500	Medium and Large 2	485	304.50/cwt	300.00–312.50	1,477	3
Bulls	500–550	Small 1	523	255.39/cwt	251.00–260.00	1,336	2
Bulls	500–550	Medium and Large 2	524	255.55/cwt	243.00–267.50	1,339	6
Bulls	500–550	Medium and Large 1	526	278.78/cwt	270.00–292.50	1,466	15
Bulls	550–600	Medium and Large 2	568	247.75/cwt	240.00–256.00	1,407	2
Bulls	550–600	Medium and Large 1	569	259.12/cwt	252.50–280.00	1,474	9
Bulls	600–650	Medium and Large 2	611	243.93/cwt	230.00–252.50	1,490	4
Bulls	600–650	Medium and Large 1	630	255.81/cwt	253.00–261.00	1,612	5
Bulls	600–650	Small 1	645	251.00/cwt	251.00–251.00	1,619	1
Bulls	650–700	Medium and Large 1	667	246.65/cwt	241.00–251.00	1,645	6
Bulls	650–700	Medium and Large 2	680	244.00/cwt	243.00–245.00	1,659	2
Bulls	700–750	Medium and Large 1	723	227.61/cwt	221.00–231.00	1,646	3
Bulls	750–800	Medium and Large 1	755	232.00/cwt	232.00–232.00	1,752	1
Bulls	750–800	Small 1	765	186.00/cwt	186.00–186.00	1,423	1
Bulls	750–800	Medium and Large 2	784	210.86/cwt	201.00–215.00	1,653	5
Bulls	800–850	Medium and Large 2	812	202.70/cwt	201.00–206.00	1,646	3
Bulls	800–850	Medium and Large 1	835	207.00/cwt	207.00–207.00	1,728	1
Bulls	850–900	Medium and Large 2	870	196.03/cwt	191.00–201.00	1,705	2
Bulls	850–900	Medium and Large 1	885	201.00/cwt	201.00–201.00	1,779	1
Bulls	950–1000	Medium and Large 2	975	182.50/cwt	182.50–182.50	1,779	1
Slaughter Cattle · Bulls2 lots · lightest first
Bulls	—	—	1,543	140.09/cwt	139.00–141.00	2,162	4
Bulls	—	—	1,769	162.03/cwt	160.00–164.00	2,866	4
Slaughter Cattle · Cows6 lots · lightest first
Cows	—	Lean 85-90%	1,084	111.60/cwt	105.00–116.00	1,210	7
Cows	—	Lean 85-90%	1,136	122.46/cwt	117.00–127.00	1,391	10
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%	1,329	136.35/cwt	130.00–142.00	1,812	15
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%	1,378	126.53/cwt	123.00–130.00	1,744	6
Cows	—	Breaker 75-80%	1,459	128.70/cwt	123.00–133.00	1,878	5
Cows	—	Breaker 75-80%	1,556	137.40/cwt	130.00–143.00	2,138	11
Replacement Cattle · Bred Cows17 lots · lightest first
Bred Cows	—	Small 2	890	1,625.00/head	1,625.00–1,625.00	1,625	1
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 2	900	1,650.00/head	1,650.00–1,650.00	1,650	1
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 2	900	1,610.00/head	1,610.00–1,610.00	1,610	1
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 2	908	1,675.00/head	1,675.00–1,675.00	1,675	1
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 2	970	1,500.00/head	1,500.00–1,500.00	1,500	1
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1	1,000	2,400.00/head	2,400.00–2,400.00	2,400	2
Bred Cows	—	Small 2	1,000	1,650.00/head	1,650.00–1,650.00	1,650	1
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 2	1,048	1,623.21/head	1,400.00–1,700.00	1,623	4
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 2	1,050	1,775.00/head	1,775.00–1,775.00	1,775	1
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1	1,113	2,095.22/head	1,825.00–2,225.00	2,095	4
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1	1,115	1,800.00/head	1,800.00–1,800.00	1,800	1
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1	1,188	1,825.53/head	1,775.00–1,875.00	1,826	2
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 2	1,200	1,700.00/head	1,700.00–1,700.00	1,700	2
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1	1,250	2,100.00/head	2,100.00–2,100.00	2,100	2
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1	1,265	1,700.00/head	1,700.00–1,700.00	1,700	1
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 2	1,285	1,875.00/head	1,875.00–1,875.00	1,875	1
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1	1,435	1,725.00/head	1,725.00–1,725.00	1,725	1
Replacement Cattle · Cow-Calf Pairs2 lots · lightest first
Cow-Calf Pairs	—	Medium and Large 2	1,080	2,525.00/head	2,525.00–2,525.00	2,525	1
Cow-Calf Pairs	—	Medium 2	1,240	2,625.00/head	2,625.00–2,625.00	2,625	1

This sale against other markets

Tennessee weighted averages

One sale is one barn on one day. The state ladder is every Tennessee auction USDA reported that week, weighted by head — the fairer test of whether a lot sold well.

Tennessee feeder prices, every weight →Every state and region →

Pulaski Stockyard - Pulaski, TN

Tue Feb 4, 2025

USDA Livestock, Poultry & Grain Market News · Federal-State Market News Service, Nashville, TN (LS-NV)

Feeder CattleReceipts 303Last week 502Year ago 742

Slaughter CattleReceipts 77Last week 76Year ago 66

Replacement CattleReceipts 73Last week 28Year ago 26

Compared to last week , slaughter Cows mostly steady. Slaughter Bulls steady. Feeder Steers and Bulls 8.00 to 17.00 lower. Feeder Heifers steady to 7.00 lower. Quality fair to good. Demand moderate.

Feeder Cattle

As reported

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 1$ per cwt · actual wt
1	250–300	280	355.00	355.00
1	300–350	335	370.00	370.00
6	350–400	365	320.00–335.00	329.86
6	400–450	424	287.50–312.50	294.37
7	450–500	459	267.50–284.00	277.04
11	500–550	521	251.00–272.50	261.67
8	550–600	571	252.00–267.00	255.89
9	600–650	625	240.00–254.00	250.15
5	650–700	663	241.00–259.00	248.69
2	700–750	713	225.00	225.00
1	850–900	850	205.00	205.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
1	200–250	240	315.00	315.00
2	300–350	323	345.00–350.00	347.56
5	350–400	378	262.50–320.00	305.54
3	400–450	437	253.00–287.50	274.94
10	450–500	479	242.50–267.50	258.62
5	500–550	513	242.50–259.00	247.82
1	550–600	570	232.50	232.50
1	600–650	610	230.00	230.00
3	650–700	660	230.00–235.00	231.72
1	750–800	765	185.00	185.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Small 1$ per cwt · actual wt
1	300–350	335	310.00	310.00
2	350–400	358	302.50	302.50
3	450–500	493	222.50–251.00	241.14
5	550–600	575	223.00–250.00	234.64

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 1 · Fleshy$ per cwt · actual wt
2	500–550	525	242.50–245.00	243.75
1	650–700	670	240.00	240.00
1	750–800	795	221.00	221.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
2	350–400	380	332.50–355.00	343.45
7	400–450	425	300.00–335.00	314.64
3	450–500	485	300.00–312.50	304.50
6	500–550	524	243.00–267.50	255.55
2	550–600	568	240.00–256.00	247.75
4	600–650	611	230.00–252.50	243.93
2	650–700	680	243.00–245.00	244.00
5	750–800	784	201.00–215.00	210.86
3	800–850	812	201.00–206.00	202.70
2	850–900	870	191.00–201.00	196.03
1	950–1000	975	182.50	182.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 1$ per cwt · actual wt
1	300–350	325	400.00	400.00
2	350–400	370	367.50–372.50	370.10
3	400–450	423	347.50–352.50	349.25
6	450–500	467	312.00–325.00	321.34
15	500–550	526	270.00–292.50	278.78
9	550–600	569	252.50–280.00	259.12
5	600–650	630	253.00–261.00	255.81
6	650–700	667	241.00–251.00	246.65
3	700–750	723	221.00–231.00	227.61
1	750–800	755	232.00	232.00
1	800–850	835	207.00	207.00
1	850–900	885	201.00	201.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Small 1$ per cwt · actual wt
1	400–450	415	307.50	307.50
2	500–550	523	251.00–260.00	255.39
1	600–650	645	251.00	251.00
1	750–800	765	186.00	186.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 1$ per cwt · actual wt
1	250–300	290	400.00	400.00
3	300–350	318	390.00–400.00	393.25
1	350–400	355	392.50	392.50
2	450–500	460	322.50–348.00	335.25
8	500–550	529	282.50–313.00	297.54
4	550–600	593	290.00	290.00
3	600–650	624	276.00–283.00	278.34
1	650–700	650	282.50	282.50
1	700–750	715	260.00	260.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Small 1$ per cwt · actual wt
1	250–300	290	325.00	325.00
2	400–450	423	302.50–330.00	315.68
1	500–550	500	232.50	232.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
2	300–350	345	320.00–355.00	337.50
1	350–400	350	335.00	335.00
1	400–450	405	367.50	367.50
3	450–500	478	282.50–315.00	300.32

Slaughter Cattle

As reported

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Breaker 75-80%$ per cwt · actual wt
11	—	1,556	130.00–143.00	137.40
5	—	1,459	123.00–133.00	128.70

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Lean 85-90%$ per cwt · actual wt
7	—	1,084	105.00–116.00	111.60
10	—	1,136	117.00–127.00	122.46

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Boner 80-85%$ per cwt · actual wt
6	—	1,378	123.00–130.00	126.53
15	—	1,329	130.00–142.00	136.35

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls$ per cwt · actual wt
4	—	1,769	160.00–164.00	162.03
4	—	1,543	139.00–141.00	140.09

Replacement Cattle

As reported

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bred Cows — Medium and Large 1$ per head · actual wt
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	4	—	1,113	1,825.00–2,225.00	2,095.22
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	1	—	1,265	1,700.00	1,700.00
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	1	—	1,115	1,800.00	1,800.00
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	2	—	1,000	2,400.00	2,400.00
Aged (>8 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	2	—	1,188	1,775.00–1,875.00	1,825.53
Aged (>8 yrs)	1st/2nd Stage (1-6 mo)	1	—	1,435	1,725.00	1,725.00
Aged (>8 yrs)	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	2	—	1,250	2,100.00	2,100.00

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bred Cows — Medium and Large 2$ per head · actual wt
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	1	—	1,050	1,775.00	1,775.00
Young (2-4 yrs)	1st/2nd Stage (1-6 mo)	1	—	900	1,650.00	1,650.00
Young (2-4 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	1	—	908	1,675.00	1,675.00
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	4	—	1,048	1,400.00–1,700.00	1,623.21
Young (2-4 yrs)	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	1	—	970	1,500.00	1,500.00
Aged (>8 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	2	—	1,200	1,700.00	1,700.00
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	1	—	1,285	1,875.00	1,875.00
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	1	—	900	1,610.00	1,610.00

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bred Cows — Small 2$ per head · actual wt
Young (2-4 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	1	—	1,000	1,650.00	1,650.00
Young (2-4 yrs)	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	1	—	890	1,625.00	1,625.00

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cow-Calf Pairs — Medium and Large 2$ per head · actual wt
Middle Aged/Aged (>5 yrs)	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	1	—	1,080	2,525.00	2,525.00

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cow-Calf Pairs — Medium 2$ per head · actual wt
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	Open	1	—	1,240	2,625.00	2,625.00

Head, weight ranges, average weights and price ranges are exactly as USDA AMS filed them — nothing recomputed, nothing rounded — in USDA's own reporting structure. This is RaisedBeef's rendering of that data, not a copy of USDA's document.