Sale reports / Tennessee / Pulaski Livestock Auction - Pulaski, TN / 2025-04-15

Pulaski Livestock Auction - Pulaski, TN

Name: Pulaski Livestock Auction - Pulaski, TN livestock auction prices — 2025-04-15
Creator: RaisedBeef
Published: 2025-04-15

Feeder Cattle · Slaughter Cattle · Replacement Cattle · Pulaski, Tennessee · Tue, Apr 15

● Final98 lots reportedUSDA AMS · slug 2080

← Apr 8Apr 15Apr 22 →

Feeder Cattle receipts

347 head

▲ 148 vs last sale 199▲ 46 vs year ago 301 · +15.3%

Slaughter Cattle receipts

38 head

▲ 11 vs last sale 27▼ 47 vs year ago 85 · −55.3%

Replacement Cattle receipts

31 head

▲ 1 vs last sale 30▲ 6 vs year ago 25 · +24.0%

View

Reporter comment USDA

As filed

Compared to last week, Slaughter Cows steady on a light test. Slaughter Bulls and Feeder Bulls not well established due to limited comparable receipts. Feeder Steers 5.00-12.00 higher. Feeder Heifers steady to 8 higher. Quality fair to fancy with several thin fleshed cattle. Demand strong.

Weight class — the figures below change to match

Weight classPick one — the panels below update

Heifers · summary 500–600 lb

Weighted average of every reported lot

500–600 lb heifers averaged $298.51/cwt on 23 head. That ranks 1 of 30 comparable sales and sits −85.61 against this barn's trailing median of $384.12.

Average price

$298.51

23 head · 538 lb average

Value per head Derived

$1,607

Price × average weight ÷ 100

Grade differential Derived

$308

per head · Medium and Large 1 over Small 1

$50.72/cwt at this weight

vs the market

−9.18

vs TN average

−22.67 vs national

Price by quality 500–600 lb

Frame and muscle grade

Frame / muscle	Avg wt	$/cwt	$/head	Head
Medium and Large 1	537	313.03	1,680	16thin
Small 1-2	540	280.00	1,512	1thin
Medium and Large 2	551	263.15	1,451	4thin
Small 1	523	262.31	1,372	2thin

One grade step is worth $50.72/cwt here — about $308 a head. Across this sale the premium is widest at 300–400 lb. USDA reports each grade on its own line and never publishes the spread.

How it compared 500–600 lb

Same class and week · spot auction only

This sale23 hd

298.51

—

TN average15 barns · 662 hd

307.69

−9.18

National average175 barns · 12,815 hd

321.18

−22.67

This barn, trailing median30 sales

384.12

−85.61

A barn can sit above the state average at one weight and below it at another — check the class you actually sell.

This barn's trailing prices 500–600 lb

30 sales

Heifers 500–600 lb: high $420.69, low $301.40, median $384.12 across 30 sales. Sales under 10 head in this class are excluded, so a thin day cannot swing the median or the ranking.

Slaughter cattle

By class and quality grade · $/cwt

Cull cows and bulls are graded, not weight-classed — grade is what moves the money here.

Class	Grade	Dressing	Avg wt	$/cwt	$/head	Head
Bulls	—	Low	1,664	153.54	2,554	4thin
Cows	Breaker 75-80%	Low	1,498	141.18	2,115	6thin
Cows	Boner 80-85%	Average	1,201	138.19	1,660	15
Cows	Lean 85-90%	Average	1,040	120.38	1,252	5thin

Replacement cattle Per head

By class, stage and age

Bred stock and pairs are reported per head, not per hundredweight — these prices are never mixed with the $/cwt figures above.

Class	Stage	Age	Avg wt	$/head	Head
Bred Cows	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	1,015	$2,150	1thin
Bred Cows	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	Young (2-4 yrs)	1,005	$2,125	1thin
Bred Cows	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	1,210	$2,115	5
Bred Cows	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	Aged (>8 yrs)	1,210	$1,725	1thin
Bred Cows	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	Aged (>8 yrs)	1,050	$1,600	3thin
Bred Heifers	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	(<2 yrs)	950	$2,400	1thin
Cow-Calf Pairs	Open	Young (2-4 yrs)	1,185	$3,650	1thin

Every lot

98 lots · USDA AMS · Pulaski Stockyard - Pulaski, TN

Nothing removed and nothing rounded — the same lots as the USDA report, with per-head values added. Grouped by class and set lightest first; USDA files them in sale-ring order.

Class	Weight	Grade / description	Avg wt	Price	Range	Per head	Head
Feeder Cattle · Steers25 lots · lightest first
Steers	200–250	Medium and Large 1	235	435.00/cwt	435.00–435.00	1,022	1
Steers	200–250	Medium and Large 1Thin Fleshed	240	455.00/cwt	455.00–455.00	1,092	1
Steers	200–250	Medium and Large 2	245	435.00/cwt	435.00–435.00	1,066	1
Steers	250–300	Medium and Large 1Thin Fleshed	265	460.09/cwt	455.00–462.50	1,219	3
Steers	250–300	Medium and Large 2	275	400.00/cwt	400.00–400.00	1,100	1
Steers	250–300	Medium and Large 1	280	445.00/cwt	440.00–450.00	1,246	2
Steers	300–350	Medium and Large 1	318	432.32/cwt	412.50–445.00	1,375	3
Steers	300–350	Medium and Large 2	320	405.55/cwt	395.00–422.50	1,298	3
Steers	300–350	Medium and Large 1Thin Fleshed	325	451.02/cwt	447.50–455.00	1,466	2
Steers	300–350	Medium and Large 3	345	387.50/cwt	387.50–387.50	1,337	1
Steers	350–400	Medium and Large 2	358	388.51/cwt	377.50–400.00	1,391	2
Steers	350–400	Medium and Large 1	364	415.61/cwt	405.00–425.00	1,513	4
Steers	350–400	Small 1	370	388.41/cwt	382.50–395.00	1,437	2
Steers	350–400	Medium and Large 1Thin Fleshed	378	434.92/cwt	432.50–437.50	1,644	2
Steers	400–450	Small 1	400	387.50/cwt	387.50–387.50	1,550	1
Steers	400–450	Medium and Large 2	420	385.03/cwt	377.50–390.00	1,617	3
Steers	400–450	Medium and Large 1	422	417.85/cwt	407.50–423.00	1,763	11
Steers	450–500	Small 1	475	330.00/cwt	330.00–330.00	1,568	1
Steers	450–500	Medium and Large 2	480	367.29/cwt	357.50–380.00	1,763	3
Steers	450–500	Medium and Large 1	489	380.10/cwt	370.00–402.50	1,859	4
Steers	500–550	Medium and Large 1Thin Fleshed	520	380.00/cwt	380.00–380.00	1,976	1
Steers	500–550	Medium and Large 1	527	354.86/cwt	342.50–367.50	1,870	9
Steers	550–600	Medium and Large 1	575	342.58/cwt	335.00–348.00	1,970	4
Steers	600–650	Medium and Large 2Thin Fleshed	605	317.50/cwt	317.50–317.50	1,921	1
Steers	650–700	Medium and Large 1	675	282.50/cwt	282.50–282.50	1,907	2
Feeder Cattle · Heifers35 lots · lightest first
Heifers	200–250	Medium and Large 1	215	410.00/cwt	410.00–410.00	882	1
Heifers	250–300	Medium and Large 2	263	349.86/cwt	335.00–365.00	920	2
Heifers	300–350	Medium and Large 1Thin Fleshed	303	421.71/cwt	417.50–426.00	1,278	2
Heifers	300–350	Medium and Large 1	305	382.50/cwt	382.50–382.50	1,167	1
Heifers	300–350	Medium and Large 2	323	375.00/cwt	375.00–375.00	1,211	2
Heifers	300–350	Small 1	340	335.00/cwt	335.00–335.00	1,139	1
Heifers	350–400	Medium and Large 1Thin Fleshed	350	410.00/cwt	410.00–410.00	1,435	1
Heifers	350–400	Small 1	370	292.50/cwt	292.50–292.50	1,082	1
Heifers	350–400	Medium and Large 1Fleshy	375	372.50/cwt	372.50–372.50	1,397	1
Heifers	350–400	Medium and Large 1	378	379.25/cwt	370.00–390.00	1,434	4
Heifers	350–400	Medium and Large 2	382	344.04/cwt	324.00–365.00	1,314	5
Heifers	350–400	Medium and Large 3	385	301.30/cwt	250.00–350.00	1,160	2
Heifers	400–450	Medium and Large 1Fleshy	410	330.00/cwt	330.00–330.00	1,353	1
Heifers	400–450	Medium and Large 1	424	358.42/cwt	342.50–377.50	1,520	10
Heifers	400–450	Medium and Large 1-2	430	365.00/cwt	365.00–365.00	1,570	1
Heifers	400–450	Medium and Large 2	432	329.65/cwt	312.50–348.00	1,424	6
Heifers	450–500	Small 1	475	292.33/cwt	260.00–327.50	1,389	2
Heifers	450–500	Medium and Large 1	477	327.01/cwt	320.00–340.00	1,560	10
Heifers	450–500	Medium and Large 2	484	297.07/cwt	267.50–315.00	1,438	5
Heifers	450–500	Medium and Large 2Thin Fleshed	490	314.97/cwt	312.50–317.50	1,543	2
Heifers	500–550	Medium and Large 2Thin Fleshed	505	277.50/cwt	277.50–277.50	1,401	1
Heifers	500–550	Medium and Large 1Thin Fleshed	515	323.75/cwt	322.50–325.00	1,667	2
Heifers	500–550	Medium and Large 2	520	260.00/cwt	260.00–260.00	1,352	1
Heifers	500–550	Medium and Large 1	521	314.25/cwt	310.00–317.50	1,637	8
Heifers	500–550	Small 1	523	262.31/cwt	222.50–302.50	1,372	2
Heifers	500–550	Small 1-2	540	280.00/cwt	280.00–280.00	1,512	1
Heifers	550–600	Medium and Large 1	563	304.89/cwt	295.00–310.00	1,717	5
Heifers	550–600	Medium and Large 1Thin Fleshed	575	322.50/cwt	322.50–322.50	1,854	1
Heifers	550–600	Medium and Large 2	590	257.54/cwt	252.50–262.50	1,519	2
Heifers	600–650	Medium and Large 1Fleshy	605	252.50/cwt	252.50–252.50	1,528	1
Heifers	600–650	Medium and Large 2	608	264.15/cwt	262.50–265.00	1,606	3
Heifers	600–650	Medium and Large 1	617	267.41/cwt	262.50–270.00	1,650	3
Heifers	700–750	Medium and Large 1	715	211.24/cwt	210.00–212.50	1,510	2
Heifers	900–950	Medium and Large 1	910	208.00/cwt	208.00–208.00	1,893	1
Heifers	950–1000	Medium and Large 1	950	210.00/cwt	210.00–210.00	1,995	1
Feeder Cattle · Bulls20 lots · lightest first
Bulls	300–350	Medium and Large 1Thin Fleshed	315	470.00/cwt	470.00–470.00	1,481	1
Bulls	300–350	Medium and Large 2	330	420.00/cwt	420.00–420.00	1,386	1
Bulls	350–400	Medium and Large 1	374	417.88/cwt	400.00–430.00	1,563	4
Bulls	350–400	Medium and Large 2	381	381.10/cwt	330.00–402.50	1,452	7
Bulls	350–400	Small 1	383	354.71/cwt	340.00–370.00	1,359	2
Bulls	400–450	Medium and Large 2	420	354.52/cwt	337.50–367.50	1,489	3
Bulls	400–450	Medium and Large 1	434	400.05/cwt	387.50–410.00	1,736	4
Bulls	450–500	Small 1	464	346.60/cwt	305.00–387.50	1,608	4
Bulls	450–500	Medium and Large 1	476	378.22/cwt	367.50–392.50	1,800	4
Bulls	450–500	Medium and Large 2	483	354.13/cwt	342.50–365.00	1,710	3
Bulls	500–550	Small 1	505	310.00/cwt	310.00–310.00	1,566	1
Bulls	500–550	Medium and Large 1	518	343.45/cwt	330.00–360.00	1,779	15
Bulls	500–550	Medium and Large 2	528	324.26/cwt	317.50–330.00	1,712	3
Bulls	500–550	Medium and Large 1Thin Fleshed	530	362.50/cwt	362.50–362.50	1,921	1
Bulls	500–550	Medium and Large 2Thin Fleshed	540	332.50/cwt	332.50–332.50	1,796	1
Bulls	550–600	Medium and Large 1	569	335.49/cwt	320.00–347.50	1,909	4
Bulls	550–600	Medium and Large 2	573	312.85/cwt	311.00–315.00	1,793	3
Bulls	600–650	Medium and Large 1	613	324.19/cwt	317.50–335.00	1,987	6
Bulls	600–650	Medium and Large 2	628	293.27/cwt	285.00–302.50	1,842	3
Bulls	700–750	Medium and Large 1	730	260.00/cwt	260.00–260.00	1,898	1
Slaughter Cattle · Bulls3 lots · lightest first
Bulls	—	—	1,360	139.07/cwt	133.00–146.00	1,891	2
Bulls	—	—	1,655	171.00/cwt	171.00–171.00	2,830	1
Bulls	—	—	2,280	165.00/cwt	165.00–165.00	3,762	1
Slaughter Cattle · Cows6 lots · lightest first
Cows	—	Lean 85-90%	933	123.21/cwt	122.00–125.00	1,150	2
Cows	—	Lean 85-90%	1,112	118.50/cwt	112.00–126.00	1,318	3
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%	1,196	138.78/cwt	134.00–144.00	1,660	14
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%	1,270	130.00/cwt	130.00–130.00	1,651	1
Cows	—	Breaker 75-80%	1,484	142.21/cwt	140.00–147.00	2,110	5
Cows	—	Breaker 75-80%	1,570	136.00/cwt	136.00–136.00	2,135	1
Replacement Cattle · Bred Cows7 lots · lightest first
Bred Cows	—	Small 1-2	975	1,525.00/head	1,525.00–1,525.00	1,525	1
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 2-3	1,005	2,125.00/head	2,125.00–2,125.00	2,125	1
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 2-3	1,015	2,150.00/head	2,150.00–2,150.00	2,150	1
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 2-3	1,085	1,900.00/head	1,900.00–1,900.00	1,900	2
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 2-3	1,088	1,637.18/head	1,625.00–1,650.00	1,637	2
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 2-3	1,210	1,725.00/head	1,725.00–1,725.00	1,725	1
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,293	2,257.80/head	1,825.00–2,650.00	2,258	3
Replacement Cattle · Bred Heifers1 lot · lightest first
Bred Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	950	2,400.00/head	2,400.00–2,400.00	2,400	1
Replacement Cattle · Cow-Calf Pairs1 lot · lightest first
Cow-Calf Pairs	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,185	3,650.00/head	3,650.00–3,650.00	3,650	1

This sale against other markets

Tennessee weighted averages

One sale is one barn on one day. The state ladder is every Tennessee auction USDA reported that week, weighted by head — the fairer test of whether a lot sold well.

Tennessee feeder prices, every weight →Every state and region →

Pulaski Stockyard - Pulaski, TN

Tue Apr 15, 2025

USDA Livestock, Poultry & Grain Market News · Federal-State Market News Service, Nashville, TN (LS-NV)

Feeder CattleReceipts 347Last week 199Year ago 301

Slaughter CattleReceipts 38Last week 27Year ago 85

Replacement CattleReceipts 31Last week 30Year ago 25

Feeder Cattle

As reported

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 2 · Thin Fleshed$ per cwt · actual wt
2	450–500	490	312.50–317.50	314.97
1	500–550	505	277.50	277.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 1 · Thin Fleshed$ per cwt · actual wt
2	300–350	303	417.50–426.00	421.71
1	350–400	350	410.00	410.00
2	500–550	515	322.50–325.00	323.75
1	550–600	575	322.50	322.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 1$ per cwt · actual wt
1	200–250	215	410.00	410.00
1	300–350	305	382.50	382.50
4	350–400	378	370.00–390.00	379.25
10	400–450	424	342.50–377.50	358.42
10	450–500	477	320.00–340.00	327.01
8	500–550	521	310.00–317.50	314.25
5	550–600	563	295.00–310.00	304.89
3	600–650	617	262.50–270.00	267.41
2	700–750	715	210.00–212.50	211.24
1	900–950	910	208.00	208.00
1	950–1000	950	210.00	210.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Small 1$ per cwt · actual wt
1	300–350	340	335.00	335.00
1	350–400	370	292.50	292.50
2	450–500	475	260.00–327.50	292.33
2	500–550	523	222.50–302.50	262.31

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 1-2$ per cwt · actual wt
1	400–450	430	365.00	365.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Small 1-2$ per cwt · actual wt
1	500–550	540	280.00	280.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
2	250–300	263	335.00–365.00	349.86
2	300–350	323	375.00	375.00
5	350–400	382	324.00–365.00	344.04
6	400–450	432	312.50–348.00	329.65
5	450–500	484	267.50–315.00	297.07
1	500–550	520	260.00	260.00
2	550–600	590	252.50–262.50	257.54
3	600–650	608	262.50–265.00	264.15

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 1 · Fleshy$ per cwt · actual wt
1	350–400	375	372.50	372.50
1	400–450	410	330.00	330.00
1	600–650	605	252.50	252.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 3$ per cwt · actual wt
2	350–400	385	250.00–350.00	301.30

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 1$ per cwt · actual wt
1	200–250	235	435.00	435.00
2	250–300	280	440.00–450.00	445.00
3	300–350	318	412.50–445.00	432.32
4	350–400	364	405.00–425.00	415.61
11	400–450	422	407.50–423.00	417.85
4	450–500	489	370.00–402.50	380.10
9	500–550	527	342.50–367.50	354.86
4	550–600	575	335.00–348.00	342.58
2	650–700	675	282.50	282.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
1	200–250	245	435.00	435.00
1	250–300	275	400.00	400.00
3	300–350	320	395.00–422.50	405.55
2	350–400	358	377.50–400.00	388.51
3	400–450	420	377.50–390.00	385.03
3	450–500	480	357.50–380.00	367.29

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 3$ per cwt · actual wt
1	300–350	345	387.50	387.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 1 · Thin Fleshed$ per cwt · actual wt
1	200–250	240	455.00	455.00
3	250–300	265	455.00–462.50	460.09
2	300–350	325	447.50–455.00	451.02
2	350–400	378	432.50–437.50	434.92
1	500–550	520	380.00	380.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Small 1$ per cwt · actual wt
2	350–400	370	382.50–395.00	388.41
1	400–450	400	387.50	387.50
1	450–500	475	330.00	330.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 2 · Thin Fleshed$ per cwt · actual wt
1	600–650	605	317.50	317.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 1$ per cwt · actual wt
4	350–400	374	400.00–430.00	417.88
4	400–450	434	387.50–410.00	400.05
4	450–500	476	367.50–392.50	378.22
15	500–550	518	330.00–360.00	343.45
4	550–600	569	320.00–347.50	335.49
6	600–650	613	317.50–335.00	324.19
1	700–750	730	260.00	260.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 1 · Thin Fleshed$ per cwt · actual wt
1	300–350	315	470.00	470.00
1	500–550	530	362.50	362.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 2 · Thin Fleshed$ per cwt · actual wt
1	500–550	540	332.50	332.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Small 1$ per cwt · actual wt
2	350–400	383	340.00–370.00	354.71
4	450–500	464	305.00–387.50	346.60
1	500–550	505	310.00	310.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
1	300–350	330	420.00	420.00
7	350–400	381	330.00–402.50	381.10
3	400–450	420	337.50–367.50	354.52
3	450–500	483	342.50–365.00	354.13
3	500–550	528	317.50–330.00	324.26
3	550–600	573	311.00–315.00	312.85
3	600–650	628	285.00–302.50	293.27

Slaughter Cattle

As reported

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Lean 85-90%$ per cwt · actual wt
2	—	933	122.00–125.00	123.21
3	—	1,112	112.00–126.00	118.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Breaker 75-80%$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	1,570	136.00	136.00
5	—	1,484	140.00–147.00	142.21

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Boner 80-85%$ per cwt · actual wt
14	—	1,196	134.00–144.00	138.78
1	—	1,270	130.00	130.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls$ per cwt · actual wt
2	—	1,360	133.00–146.00	139.07
1	—	2,280	165.00	165.00
1	—	1,655	171.00	171.00

Replacement Cattle

As reported

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bred Cows — Medium and Large 1-2$ per head · actual wt
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	3	—	1,293	1,825.00–2,650.00	2,257.80

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bred Cows — Medium and Large 2-3$ per head · actual wt
Aged (>8 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	2	—	1,088	1,625.00–1,650.00	1,637.18
Young (2-4 yrs)	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	1	—	1,005	2,125.00	2,125.00
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	1	—	1,015	2,150.00	2,150.00
Aged (>8 yrs)	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	1	—	1,210	1,725.00	1,725.00
Middle Aged (5-8 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	2	—	1,085	1,900.00	1,900.00

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bred Cows — Small 1-2$ per head · actual wt
Aged (>8 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	1	—	975	1,525.00	1,525.00

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bred Heifers — Medium and Large 1$ per head · actual wt
(<2 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	1	—	950	2,400.00	2,400.00

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cow-Calf Pairs — Medium and Large 1-2$ per head · actual wt
Young (2-4 yrs)	Open	1	—	1,185	3,650.00	3,650.00

Head, weight ranges, average weights and price ranges are exactly as USDA AMS filed them — nothing recomputed, nothing rounded — in USDA's own reporting structure. This is RaisedBeef's rendering of that data, not a copy of USDA's document.