Sale reports / North Carolina / Turnersburg Livestock Auction / 2023-11-13

Turnersburg Livestock Auction

Name: Turnersburg Livestock Auction livestock auction prices — 2023-11-13
Creator: RaisedBeef
Published: 2023-11-13

Feeder Cattle · Slaughter Cattle · Replacement Cattle · Turnersburg, North Carolina · Mon, Nov 13

● Final122 lots reportedUSDA AMS · slug 2088

← Nov 6Nov 13Nov 27 →

Feeder Cattle receipts

610 head

▼ 38 vs last sale 648▼ 125 vs year ago 735 · −17.0%

Slaughter Cattle receipts

247 head

▼ 38 vs last sale 285▼ 73 vs year ago 320 · −22.8%

Replacement Cattle receipts

14 head

▼ 9 vs last sale 23▼ 8 vs year ago 22 · −36.4%

View

Reporter comment USDA

As filed

Compared to last week slaughter cattle were 2.00 to 4.00 higher, while feeder cattle were 4.00 to 6.00 lower. Trade and demand were moderate with moderate offerings. Quality of cattle was average.

17 head Goats: 65.00 -205.00, 33 head Sheep: 60.00- 150.00, 6 head Baby Calves: 10.00 to 85.00

No sale on 11/20/23 for Thanksgiving holiday.

Weight class — the figures below change to match

Weight classPick one — the panels below update

Heifers · summary 0–100 lb

Weighted average of every reported lot

0–100 lb heifers averaged $171.53/cwt on 238 head.

Average price

$171.53

238 head · 531 lb average

Value per head Derived

$911

Price × average weight ÷ 100

Grade differential Derived

$344

per head · Medium and Large 1 over Medium and Large 3

$55.94/cwt at this weight

vs the market

+4.20

vs NC average

Price by quality 0–100 lb

Frame and muscle grade

Frame / muscle	Avg wt	$/cwt	$/head	Head
Medium and Large 1	537	179.55	965	187
Medium and Large 2	510	149.12	761	37
Medium and Large 3	502	123.61	621	14thin

One grade step is worth $55.94/cwt here — about $344 a head. Across this sale the premium is widest at 0–100 lb. USDA reports each grade on its own line and never publishes the spread.

How it compared 0–100 lb

Same class and week · spot auction only

This sale238 hd

171.53

—

NC average8 barns · 1,190 hd

167.33

+4.20

A barn can sit above the state average at one weight and below it at another — check the class you actually sell.

Slaughter cattle

By class and quality grade · $/cwt

Cull cows and bulls are graded, not weight-classed — grade is what moves the money here.

Class	Grade	Dressing	Avg wt	$/cwt	$/head	Head
Bulls	—	Average	1,497	110.41	1,653	31
Cows	Boner 80-85%	Average	1,423	93.30	1,328	101
Cows	Breaker 75-80%	Average	1,449	88.29	1,279	12
Cows	Lean 85-90%	Low	1,078	73.72	795	104

Replacement cattle Per head

By class, stage and age

Bred stock and pairs are reported per head, not per hundredweight — these prices are never mixed with the $/cwt figures above.

Class	Stage	Age	Avg wt	$/head	Head
Bred Cows	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	957	$920	3thin
Bred Cows	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	1,105	$914	2thin
Bred Cows	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	955	$880	5
Cow-Calf Pairs	Open	Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	983	$1,545	4thin

Every lot

122 lots · USDA AMS · Harward Brothers Livestock Market - Turnersburg, NC

Nothing removed and nothing rounded — the same lots as the USDA report, with per-head values added. Grouped by class and set lightest first; USDA files them in sale-ring order.

Class	Weight	Grade / description	Avg wt	Price	Range	Per head	Head
Feeder Cattle · Steers26 lots · lightest first
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	285	242.00/cwt	242.00–242.00	690	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	320	212.77/cwt	205.00–237.00	681	5
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	380	228.92/cwt	217.00–235.00	870	3
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2	380	170.00/cwt	170.00–170.00	646	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1Value Added	400	240.00/cwt	240.00–240.00	960	2
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	420	220.35/cwt	205.00–232.00	925	5
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2	435	175.00/cwt	175.00–175.00	761	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2	450	182.00/cwt	182.00–182.00	819	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	465	217.13/cwt	210.00–224.00	1,010	3
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1Value Added	475	237.00/cwt	237.00–237.00	1,126	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	521	217.62/cwt	202.00–227.00	1,134	8
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2	533	182.68/cwt	170.00–195.00	974	2
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	566	217.04/cwt	202.00–222.00	1,228	7
Steers	—	Medium and Large 3	575	155.00/cwt	155.00–155.00	891	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1Value Added	608	216.00/cwt	216.00–216.00	1,313	3
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	632	205.04/cwt	200.00–208.00	1,296	6
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2	665	170.00/cwt	170.00–170.00	1,131	2
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	668	195.26/cwt	190.00–202.00	1,304	7
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	718	192.96/cwt	182.00–204.00	1,385	2
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2	720	158.04/cwt	152.00–161.00	1,138	3
Steers	—	Medium and Large 3	730	115.00/cwt	115.00–115.00	840	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1Value Added	742	230.00/cwt	230.00–230.00	1,707	3
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	766	189.81/cwt	185.00–191.00	1,454	5
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	805	190.00/cwt	190.00–190.00	1,530	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 2	810	137.00/cwt	137.00–137.00	1,110	1
Steers	—	Medium and Large 1	1,080	174.00/cwt	174.00–174.00	1,879	1
Feeder Cattle · Heifers42 lots · lightest first
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	235	185.00/cwt	180.00–190.00	435	2
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	240	175.00/cwt	175.00–175.00	420	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	280	185.27/cwt	180.00–190.00	519	2
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	295	167.50/cwt	165.00–170.00	494	2
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	318	188.32/cwt	185.00–190.00	599	3
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	320	162.48/cwt	155.00–170.00	520	4
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1Value Added	360	207.00/cwt	207.00–207.00	745	2
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	370	170.00/cwt	170.00–170.00	629	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 3	372	136.82/cwt	130.00–140.00	509	3
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	374	182.83/cwt	170.00–200.00	684	15
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	419	158.81/cwt	150.00–165.00	665	4
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	421	185.64/cwt	170.00–192.00	782	25
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 3	433	115.00/cwt	115.00–115.00	498	2
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1Value Added	445	202.59/cwt	200.00–203.00	902	7
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	468	154.53/cwt	140.00–167.00	723	3
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 3	470	115.11/cwt	110.00–120.00	541	2
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	473	183.80/cwt	172.00–193.00	869	15
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	528	157.56/cwt	145.00–165.00	832	6
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 3	528	135.00/cwt	135.00–135.00	713	3
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	530	181.13/cwt	170.00–195.00	960	39
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	562	137.22/cwt	125.00–150.00	771	5
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	574	174.57/cwt	160.00–185.00	1,002	23
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1Value Added	582	220.00/cwt	220.00–220.00	1,280	7
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 3	595	135.00/cwt	135.00–135.00	803	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1Value Added	604	193.76/cwt	193.00–195.00	1,170	8
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	613	141.00/cwt	137.00–145.00	864	4
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	618	173.51/cwt	160.00–179.00	1,072	8
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 3	630	109.96/cwt	105.00–115.00	693	2
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 3	670	100.00/cwt	100.00–100.00	670	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	671	162.41/cwt	150.00–174.00	1,090	12
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	673	128.36/cwt	117.00–135.00	864	4
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1Value Added	695	220.00/cwt	220.00–220.00	1,529	2
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	719	153.41/cwt	140.00–172.00	1,103	4
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 2	733	126.65/cwt	125.00–130.00	928	3
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	758	155.98/cwt	150.00–160.00	1,182	3
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	818	134.89/cwt	130.00–140.00	1,103	2
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	880	122.46/cwt	120.00–125.00	1,078	2
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1Value Added	895	151.00/cwt	151.00–151.00	1,351	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	905	110.00/cwt	110.00–110.00	996	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1Value Added	915	150.00/cwt	150.00–150.00	1,373	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	990	106.00/cwt	106.00–106.00	1,049	1
Heifers	—	Medium and Large 1	1,018	119.49/cwt	118.00–121.00	1,216	2
Feeder Cattle · Bulls36 lots · lightest first
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	222	211.69/cwt	205.00–215.00	470	3
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 3	250	140.00/cwt	140.00–140.00	350	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	260	195.00/cwt	195.00–195.00	507	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	281	231.37/cwt	220.00–237.00	650	6
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	320	185.94/cwt	170.00–200.00	595	2
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	326	228.19/cwt	220.00–239.00	744	18
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	371	190.29/cwt	175.00–200.00	706	4
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 3	373	135.27/cwt	125.00–145.00	505	3
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	375	225.02/cwt	215.00–240.00	844	17
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	418	188.91/cwt	175.00–200.00	790	5
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	422	211.62/cwt	200.00–227.00	893	16
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 3	430	125.00/cwt	125.00–125.00	538	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	470	212.56/cwt	200.00–227.00	999	20
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 3	482	142.57/cwt	125.00–150.00	687	6
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	483	173.48/cwt	172.00–175.00	838	2
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 3	514	139.31/cwt	122.00–155.00	716	5
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	524	209.63/cwt	190.00–220.00	1,098	19
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	529	176.58/cwt	160.00–187.00	934	8
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	570	200.08/cwt	190.00–213.00	1,140	19
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	571	178.51/cwt	170.00–185.00	1,019	5
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 3	578	137.31/cwt	125.00–150.00	794	4
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	620	190.93/cwt	175.00–205.00	1,184	14
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	627	162.84/cwt	150.00–170.00	1,021	7
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 3	632	130.00/cwt	130.00–130.00	822	3
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	660	162.13/cwt	150.00–175.00	1,070	4
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	669	135.93/cwt	130.00–140.00	909	5
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 3	695	120.00/cwt	120.00–120.00	834	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	719	128.59/cwt	120.00–143.00	925	5
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	738	127.49/cwt	125.00–130.00	941	2
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	750	125.00/cwt	125.00–125.00	938	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	785	127.35/cwt	125.00–130.00	1,000	3
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	823	127.08/cwt	122.00–132.00	1,046	2
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 2	830	115.00/cwt	115.00–115.00	955	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	885	122.00/cwt	122.00–122.00	1,080	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	900	120.00/cwt	120.00–120.00	1,080	1
Bulls	—	Medium and Large 1	955	127.00/cwt	127.00–127.00	1,213	1
Feeder Cattle · Dairy Steers2 lots · lightest first
Dairy Steers	—	Large 3	635	102.00/cwt	102.00–102.00	648	1
Dairy Steers	—	Large 3	660	109.00/cwt	109.00–109.00	719	1
Slaughter Cattle · Bulls3 lots · lightest first
Bulls	—	—	1,121	97.47/cwt	90.00–102.00	1,093	5
Bulls	—	—	1,469	110.47/cwt	105.00–117.00	1,623	21
Bulls	—	—	1,990	123.11/cwt	121.00–126.00	2,450	5
Slaughter Cattle · Cows7 lots · lightest first
Cows	—	Lean 85-90%	764	53.12/cwt	50.00–56.00	406	4
Cows	—	Lean 85-90%	993	61.44/cwt	60.00–64.00	610	12
Cows	—	Lean 85-90%	1,100	73.98/cwt	65.00–80.00	814	67
Cows	—	Lean 85-90%	1,117	83.81/cwt	82.00–87.00	936	21
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%	1,338	107.36/cwt	101.00–113.00	1,436	12
Cows	—	Boner 80-85%	1,435	91.40/cwt	84.00–99.00	1,312	89
Cows	—	Breaker 75-80%	1,449	88.29/cwt	85.00–94.00	1,279	12
Replacement Cattle · Bred Cows3 lots · lightest first
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	955	880.39/head	800.00–975.00	880	5
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	957	919.60/head	825.00–975.00	920	3
Bred Cows	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,105	914.37/head	650.00–1,125.00	914	2
Replacement Cattle · Cow-Calf Pairs3 lots · lightest first
Cow-Calf Pairs	—	Medium and Large 1-2	850	1,525.00/head	1,525.00–1,525.00	1,525	1
Cow-Calf Pairs	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,015	1,703.33/head	1,175.00–2,000.00	1,703	2
Cow-Calf Pairs	—	Medium and Large 1-2	1,050	1,250.00/head	1,250.00–1,250.00	1,250	1

This sale against other markets

North Carolina weighted averages

One sale is one barn on one day. The state ladder is every North Carolina auction USDA reported that week, weighted by head — the fairer test of whether a lot sold well.

North Carolina feeder prices, every weight →Every state and region →

Harward Brothers Livestock Market - Turnersburg, NC

Mon Nov 13, 2023

USDA Livestock, Poultry & Grain Market News · Federal-State Market News Service, Raleigh, NC (RA-LS)

Feeder CattleReceipts 610Last week 648Year ago 735

Slaughter CattleReceipts 247Last week 285Year ago 320

Replacement CattleReceipts 14Last week 23Year ago 22

Compared to last week slaughter cattle were 2.00 to 4.00 higher, while feeder cattle were 4.00 to 6.00 lower. Trade and demand were moderate with moderate offerings. Quality of cattle was average.

17 head Goats: 65.00 -205.00, 33 head Sheep: 60.00- 150.00, 6 head Baby Calves: 10.00 to 85.00

No sale on 11/20/23 for Thanksgiving holiday.

Feeder Cattle

As reported

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
5	—	562	125.00–150.00	137.22
6	—	528	145.00–165.00	157.56
4	—	419	150.00–165.00	158.81
1	—	240	175.00	175.00
3	—	468	140.00–167.00	154.53
3	—	733	125.00–130.00	126.65
4	—	320	155.00–170.00	162.48
4	—	673	117.00–135.00	128.36
4	—	613	137.00–145.00	141.00
1	—	370	170.00	170.00
2	—	295	165.00–170.00	167.50

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 3$ per cwt · actual wt
2	—	433	115.00	115.00
2	—	470	110.00–120.00	115.11
3	—	528	135.00	135.00
2	—	630	105.00–115.00	109.96
1	—	670	100.00	100.00
1	—	595	135.00	135.00
3	—	372	130.00–140.00	136.82

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 1 · Value Added$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	895	151.00	151.00
8	—	604	193.00–195.00	193.76
7	—	582	220.00	220.00
7	—	445	200.00–203.00	202.59
2	—	695	220.00	220.00
1	—	915	150.00	150.00
2	—	360	207.00	207.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Heifers — Medium and Large 1$ per cwt · actual wt
2	—	1,018	118.00–121.00	119.49
4	—	719	140.00–172.00	153.41
15	—	374	170.00–200.00	182.83
2	—	235	180.00–190.00	185.00
39	—	530	170.00–195.00	181.13
23	—	574	160.00–185.00	174.57
2	—	880	120.00–125.00	122.46
15	—	473	172.00–193.00	183.80
8	—	618	160.00–179.00	173.51
12	—	671	150.00–174.00	162.41
3	—	758	150.00–160.00	155.98
2	—	818	130.00–140.00	134.89
1	—	905	110.00	110.00
25	—	421	170.00–192.00	185.64
2	—	280	180.00–190.00	185.27
1	—	990	106.00	106.00
3	—	318	185.00–190.00	188.32

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 1$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	805	190.00	190.00
1	—	285	242.00	242.00
5	—	420	205.00–232.00	220.35
1	—	1,080	174.00	174.00
3	—	465	210.00–224.00	217.13
3	—	380	217.00–235.00	228.92
8	—	521	202.00–227.00	217.62
5	—	766	185.00–191.00	189.81
7	—	668	190.00–202.00	195.26
5	—	320	205.00–237.00	212.77
7	—	566	202.00–222.00	217.04
6	—	632	200.00–208.00	205.04
2	—	718	182.00–204.00	192.96

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 1 · Value Added$ per cwt · actual wt
2	—	400	240.00	240.00
3	—	608	216.00	216.00
3	—	742	230.00	230.00
1	—	475	237.00	237.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
2	—	533	170.00–195.00	182.68
1	—	435	175.00	175.00
1	—	380	170.00	170.00
1	—	810	137.00	137.00
1	—	450	182.00	182.00
2	—	665	170.00	170.00
3	—	720	152.00–161.00	158.04

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Steers — Medium and Large 3$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	730	115.00	115.00
1	—	575	155.00	155.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Dairy Steers — Large 3$ per cwt · actual wt
1	—	660	109.00	109.00
1	—	635	102.00	102.00

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 3$ per cwt · actual wt
6	—	482	125.00–150.00	142.57
5	—	514	122.00–155.00	139.31
3	—	632	130.00	130.00
3	—	373	125.00–145.00	135.27
1	—	695	120.00	120.00
1	—	430	125.00	125.00
1	—	250	140.00	140.00
4	—	578	125.00–150.00	137.31

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 1$ per cwt · actual wt
16	—	422	200.00–227.00	211.62
14	—	620	175.00–205.00	190.93
3	—	785	125.00–130.00	127.35
5	—	719	120.00–143.00	128.59
19	—	524	190.00–220.00	209.63
19	—	570	190.00–213.00	200.08
17	—	375	215.00–240.00	225.02
1	—	900	120.00	120.00
6	—	281	220.00–237.00	231.37
1	—	885	122.00	122.00
1	—	955	127.00	127.00
4	—	660	150.00–175.00	162.13
20	—	470	200.00–227.00	212.56
3	—	222	205.00–215.00	211.69
18	—	326	220.00–239.00	228.19
2	—	823	122.00–132.00	127.08

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls — Medium and Large 2$ per cwt · actual wt
5	—	418	175.00–200.00	188.91
5	—	669	130.00–140.00	135.93
7	—	627	150.00–170.00	162.84
2	—	320	170.00–200.00	185.94
1	—	830	115.00	115.00
2	—	483	172.00–175.00	173.48
1	—	750	125.00	125.00
1	—	260	195.00	195.00
8	—	529	160.00–187.00	176.58
4	—	371	175.00–200.00	190.29
5	—	571	170.00–185.00	178.51
2	—	738	125.00–130.00	127.49

Slaughter Cattle

As reported

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Lean 85-90%$ per cwt · actual wt
12	—	993	60.00–64.00	61.44
21	—	1,117	82.00–87.00	83.81
67	—	1,100	65.00–80.00	73.98
4	—	764	50.00–56.00	53.12

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Boner 80-85%$ per cwt · actual wt
89	—	1,435	84.00–99.00	91.40
12	—	1,338	101.00–113.00	107.36

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cows — Breaker 75-80%$ per cwt · actual wt
12	—	1,449	85.00–94.00	88.29

Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bulls$ per cwt · actual wt
21	—	1,469	105.00–117.00	110.47
5	—	1,121	90.00–102.00	97.47
5	—	1,990	121.00–126.00	123.11

Replacement Cattle

As reported

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Bred Cows — Medium and Large 1-2$ per head · actual wt
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	1st Stage (1-3 mo)	2	—	1,105	650.00–1,125.00	914.37
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	2nd Stage (4-6 mo)	5	—	955	800.00–975.00	880.39
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	3rd Stage (7-9 mo)	3	—	957	825.00–975.00	919.60

Age	Stage	Head	Wt range	Avg wt	Price range	Avg price
Cow-Calf Pairs — Medium and Large 1-2$ per head · actual wt
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	Open	2	—	1,015	1,175.00–2,000.00	1,703.33
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	Open	1	—	1,050	1,250.00	1,250.00
Young/Middle Aged (2-8 yrs)	Open	1	—	850	1,525.00	1,525.00

Head, weight ranges, average weights and price ranges are exactly as USDA AMS filed them — nothing recomputed, nothing rounded — in USDA's own reporting structure. This is RaisedBeef's rendering of that data, not a copy of USDA's document.